Amidst NREGA Focus and BUDGET Lobbying,Blood bath on markets; Sensex crashes 491 points; Nifty near 4,850. Economics of EXCLUSION and Politics of Coding and Decoding to Manufacture Consent for Mass Destruction Agenda specifically Economic Ethnic Clea

Amidst  NREGA Focus and BUDGET Lobbying,Blood bath on markets; Sensex crashes 491 points; Nifty near 4,850. Economics  of EXCLUSION and Politics of Coding and Decoding to Manufacture Consent for Mass Destruction Agenda specifically Economic Ethnic Cleansing!Govt expects Rs 20,000 cr from sale of PSU shares by March!


Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time- Two Hundred SEVENTY Five

Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/

1. Constitution of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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1. safeguard of Constitution of India to Social Justice - Indian Officer

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World honours Indian Constitution for its supremacy: Modi Zee News - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ "The ideals and safeguards enshrined in our Constitution inspires us and also gives us immense strength. It becomes our prime responsibility that we perform ... Frontline MYTHS AND REALITY Frontline - A.G. Noorani - ‎Jan 26, 2010‎ A solution must meet three tests – promote India-Pakistan friendship; not "weaken the secular ideal of the Indian Constitution"; nor weaken the position of ... Editorial: Summitry on Afghanistan Daily Times - ‎18 hours ago‎ This paranoia may put a spanner in the works of the London conference, where the US and UK are pressing for an increased role for India in any eventual ... Unfinished business: Gender justice Times of India - ‎Jan 22, 2010‎ We must not forget that even the warped citizenship in colonial India was restricted to the educated, propertied classes. For the Indian Constitution, ... 10 laws that shaped The Republic Times of India - Manoj Mitta - ‎Jan 22, 2010‎ The Election Commission of India was constituted on January 25, 1950, just a day before the Constitution came into force. It is no coincidence that the ... The recipe for national suicide Organiser - Subramanian Swamy - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ Parsis in India despite being numerically a microscopic minority, have consistently refused to ask or accept for any Constitutional safeguards. ... Punjab CM asks center to bolster national security network to contain cross ... PunjabNewsline.com - ‎Jan 26, 2010‎ Badal described Baba Saheb Dr. BR Ambedkar as the greatest Constitutional genius and a great visionary of our country who laid the foundations of the ... "At the cost of isolating and keeping 'em away" Dangerous portents of NCRLM ... Organiser - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ "If you seek to give safeguards to a minority, you isolate it... Maybe, you protect it to a slight extent but at what cost-at the cost of isolating and ... Frontline Hard to reach Frontline - Nick Robinson - ‎Jan 26, 2010‎ The court would act as a final safeguard for justice in a newly democratic India. However, a handful of Constituent Assembly members claimed that ... The Republic: Over 2000 yrs in the making Times of India - Praveen Dass - ‎Jan 23, 2010‎ The US's new constitution firmly located power with the people by stating that governments derived "their just powers from the consent of the governed". ... Stay up to date on these results: Create an email alert for Constitutional safeguards in India Add a news gadget for Constitutional safeguards in India to your Google homepage Search blogs for Constitutional safeguards in India

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but Nepal should decide what changes it wants in the treaty ... The Hindu India's Constitution failed by its implementers: Kashyap Zee News - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ Do you agree with the recommendations of the National Commission for Review of Constitution formed by the NDA? I was the Chairman of the drafting committee ... India's Living Constitution Times of India 60 years of Constitution: Things you must know Zee News Case studies: Supreme Court's landmark shifts Times of India all 38 news articles » Email this story Frontline Parliament story Frontline - ‎Jan 26, 2010‎ Khilnani claims that India's constitutional democracy, like the British rule it supplanted, was established in a fit of absentmindedness. ... Constitutional illiteracy Express Buzz - ‎Jan 24, 2010‎ The only thing that the government of India agreed was to consider sympathetically for review any proposal which the state government might send with regard ... Reduce The Qualifying Age For President Peace fm Online - ‎9 hours ago‎ It is my fervent hope that the Constitutional Review Commission will find wisdom in removing the barrier from the minds of the youth that the people of ... The Sikh Times, UK SC sidesteps Sikh tag plea Calcutta Telegraph - ‎Jan 18, 2010‎ A Constitution review committee, headed by former CJI MN Venkatachaliah, had recommended that Explanation II be deleted. "It has been eight years since the ... Sikhs petition SC to wriggle out of Hindu embrace Times of India all 21 news articles » Email this story Reuters analysis: Trying times —Abbas Rashid Daily Times - ‎Jan 22, 2010‎ Gates may have further queered the pitch when he declared before his Indian hosts earlier that it would be understandable for India to show less restraint ... Video: Inside Story - Is America arming the subcontinent? Al Jazeera Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy US Department of State all 1,157 news articles » Email this story Indian Chief Justice proposes SA-style Constitutional Court Legalbrief (subscription) - ‎Jan 13, 2010‎ The Chief Justice of India, KG Balakrishnan, has proposed the creation of a Constitutional Court to review matters relating to the Indian Constitution and ... Courts won't obstruct liberalisation Indian Express - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ Harish Salve, senior Supreme Court counsel who has stood in front of the bench in several legal wrangles involving the subject of scope of judicial review ... Indian Economy – Whither Headed? Blog of India (blog) - Meena Rani - ‎Jan 26, 2010‎ ... 26 January, is India's sixtieth anniversary of that date in Indian history when the country adopted its constitution. There is no better time to review ... Stay up to date on these results: Create an email alert for Constitution review in India Add a news gadget for Constitution review in India to your Google homepage Search blogs for Constitution review in India

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Mulnivasi Employees Welfare Fedaration
CONSPIRACY TO END RESERVATION The govt. had introduced the policy of liberalization, privatization and Globalization to abolish the Democratic sys tem of reservations i.e. the right of representation of Mulnivasi Schedule caste, schedule tribes, backward classes and con verted minority from amongst these communities. In the demo cratic process of governance. It is not the only intention to abol ish reservations but they have hatched a conspiracy to enslave these communities. Not only the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party is responsible for the conspiracy but the congress has given mute consent. Rather it is the congress which was instrumen tal to initiate the policy of LPG. The Congress is the biggest Bramnical force. The judiciary is also a party to abolish the reservations and enslave these communities. Not only Judiciary but also Central Govt, State Govts. and executive are party to this conspiracy. We have therefore decided to launch a strong nationwide protest. Abolition of reservation is not the only conspiracy to end reservations and enslave Mulnivasi Bahujan, but they are adapt ing different policies to succeed in their design. It is therefore essential to expose their design to awaken Mulnivasi Bahujan and organize a strorg protest against their conspiracy. WHO CONSTITUTE MULNIVASI BAHUJAN? Mulnivasi Bahujan are comprised of: 1) Schedule caste, Most backward schedule caste, and schedule caste engaged in scavenging jobs. 2) Schedule tribes 3) OBC's consisting of NT, DNT, VJNT, Most backward Classes and Backward classes. 4) Religious Minorities converted from among the abovementioned communities. All these put together constitute Mulnivasi Bahujan. The policies adapted by the Govt. against these communities are mentioned below: MULNIVASI SCHEDULE CASTE AND MOST BACKWARD SCHEDULE CASTE The ruling castes have designed the conspiracy to disinte grate schedule castes. Mulnivasi schedule caste and most backward schedule caste are not in a position to understand this conspiracy. The ruling castes are preaching the schedule caste and most backward schedule caste against each other it is therefore essential to expose their conspiracy by classifying Mulnivasi Schedule caste nationwide. They themselves should take initiative for this classification to expose bramnical conspiracy. Infact bramnical forces, depending upon their need, use these communities in their own interest in the different states. However if we ourselves take initiative to classify Mulnivasi schedule caste then bramnical forces may not succeed in their nefarious design. We therefore launch a strong protest against rulers for not classifying muinivasi schedule caste nationwide. SCHEDULE CASTE ENGAGED IN SCAVENGING JOBS There are several schedule caste communities, which are engaged in scavenging job. Scavenging is nothing but a slavery and schedule caste communities must give up the scavenging. However till such time they do not give it up, it is essential to stop their exploitation. The govt. instead of employing the people has adapted a policy to engage people for scavenging on con tract basis. It is nothing but to strength their slavery. We there fore launch a strong protest against this policy of the govt. "Safai kamgar commissions" has recommended to the govt, of Atal Bihari Vajpai that the govt should carve out a separate reservation quota to the children's of scavenging communities and should introduced the special provision for the educations of their children. Howeverthe govt. of Atal Bihri Bajpai opposed these recommendations and the congress also extended their mute consent We protest against this decision of the govt. Even after 54 years of the independence the communities en gaged in scavenging are carrying night soil on their head. This is the horrible state of slavery. We also strongly protest against this system continued by MULNIVASI SCHEDULE TRIBES Today we noticed large scale of starvation death amongst schedule tribes. Infact entire lot of Mulnivasi are facing the cri ses of starvation. According to the figures released by the govt 20 CrO85 Lacks of people are leading Dtheir life on starvation life even after 54 years of independence. Such a result can only be an outcome of conspiracy and that to a conspiracy based on racism. The other crisis that the schedule tribes a their displacement. For their own developments the brahmnical forces are engaged in the displacement of schedule tribes. We lodge our protest against this attitude of the ruling castes. MULNIVIASI NT, DNT The criminal tribes during the reign of Britishers have been included in the list of backward communites by the missions. In the state of Maharashtra these communities are separately listed as NT, DNT and they are provided with reser vation in the state of Maharashtra. However, these communities do not get the reservation in central govt. services. They are placed along with general list of OBC for the purposes of central govt services and therefore they are not really benefited. Infact they have been listed as most backward classes in the pro posed list of Mandal Commission, however the BJP and the third front govt. did not recognize this list, .even if this list had been recognized for the central Govt.services, these communi ties hardly would have been benefited. Infact they need to be separately listed for the purposes of the central govt services. The govt has yet not prepared any such list. We therefore pro test against the lukewarm approach of the govt. MULNIVASI M.B.C. (MOST BACKWARD CLASSES) : These communities were separately listed in the schedule provided by the Mandal commission. The credit goes to Mr. Nayak Hon'ble member of the Mandal Commission. However this list has not been approved either by the Central Govt. or by the State Govts. Not even by the Govt.which was claiming as champian of the social justice. They have applied the criteria of creamy layer even to those communities, which were leading their life all together differently. Judiciary as well as Central Govt. always favored a criteria of merit on one hand and introduced the criteria of Creamy layer on the other hand. Infact meritori ous candidates cannot be made available due to the criteria of creamy layer and therefore adapting both the criteria simulta neously is nothing but injustice. The judiciary as well as the central govt had denied the reservations in promotions to MBC's. This is another horrible injustice meted out to this section of the society. We strongly condemn this act of Judiciary and Govt. The central govt. has neither recognized nor prepared the list of these communities till date. We launch strong protest against this approach of the Govt. MULNIVASI O.B.C. (OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES) Supreme court has pronounced the judgment on mandal commission on 16th November 1992 and caused greatest in justice to other other backward classes by adapting the crite ria of creamy layer. We protest against this decision of the Su preme Court. The Supreme court also directed to constitute Backward Classes Commission at state level. Most of the states have neither constituted separate commission nor have they prepared a list of other backward classes. As a result OBC's have lost benefits of reservation, which they were oth erwise entitled to and 3743 Castes were debarred from the ben efit of reservation. We condemn this act of conspiracy of the ruling castes. The recommendations of reservation in promo tion to OBC by the mandal commission denied by the judi ciary could have been extended by the Govt. but it remained a mute spectator. We condemned this attitude of the govt. The reservation has yet not been provided in the education. If no reservation is provided in education to OBC, the reservation in services is meaningless. Even for this Judiciary has imposed a ceiling of 50%. We condemn this decision. Infact 52% populations should have been provided 52% representations in the services, which was denied to them. We strongly protest against this decision of the Judiciary and the Govt. RELIGJOUS MINORITIES CONVERTED FROM THESE COMMUNITIES Five Govt orders agains'tiiie system of reservations and variousjudgments of judiciary against reserva tions The constitutional amendments which are mere eye wash of Mulnivasi Bahujan. Anti-National decision to review Constitution with the silent support of congress Privatization and Brahmanisation of Education Conspiracy against reservation with the policy of Liberalization, Privatization and globalization, and to enslave Mulnivasi Bahujan. A conspiracy to end adult franchise through constitution review commission. Inaction to make representative Judiciary and formulate judicial commission for the appointments of judges even after 54 years of Independence & 50 years of Constitution enactment. Conspiracy to deny census of OBC on the basis of Cast & to perpetuate poverty amongst them. The employment of Brahmin is a cause of unemployment of Mulnivasi Bahujan Denial of reservation to "Maratha Community" at par with "Jat Community. Denial of unemployment allowances to unemployed people. We condemn the economic policy of liberalization, privatization and globalization, which is against the spirit of constitution. Denial of 60% reservation to Schedule tribes in new state of Zarkhand Denial of Govt of India Scholarship to the students from NT,DNT,OBC& MBC Communities. Denial of reservation in education to OBC, specially professional education in Medical Science, Engineering, AND Management studies. Denial of reservation in promotion to OBC No preparation of the list of OBC as per the recommendations ofMandal Commission. Fraud against Mandal Commission by rejecting various recommendations. Denial of 52% reservations to 52% OBC. Non-preparations of central list for MBC. Non-preparation of central list for NT And DNT. Application of criteria of creamy layer to aforesaid two communities. Jai Mulnivasi

1. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar And His People

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2. BR Ambedkar - Untitled Document

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3. B. R. Ambedkar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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   Early life - Fight against untouchability - Poona Pact - Political career

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6. Introduction - Dr.B.R.Ambedkar

   The younger brother's name was Bhimrao Ambedkar. A few days passed. ... Dr.B.R.Ambedkar - Great Leader who fought untiringly for the downtrodden ...
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7. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Open University -Education At Your Doorstep

   Formerly known as Andhra Pradesh Open University. Has a wide network of 137 study centers spread throughout the state. With guide to management, academics, ...
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8. Dr Ambedkar Foundation - The Web Site

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9. Ambedkar Nagar

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10. India Together: A biography of Bhimrao Ambedkar

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11. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University

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12. Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University

    Information about the university, faculty, facilities provided and admission procedures. Lucknow.
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    Apex court softens stand on Lucknow's Ambedkar park‎ - 56 minutes ago ... Supreme Court Wednesday softened its stand on the Uttar Pradesh government building a memorial to Dalit leaders in Lucknow's sprawling Ambedkar park. ... Little About (blog) - 5 related articles » Protest rocks UP over damaged Ambedkar statue‎ - Oneindia - 15 related articles »

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1. Palash Biswas - Palash India

   4 Nov 2009 ... Palash Biswas. URL: www.palashbiswas.ibibo.com Owned by: palashbiswas .... Destruction System and Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Culture but ...
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2. palashbiswas's blog - Palash Speaks

    - 7 visits - 22 Jan
   Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 244 Palash Biswas Woman speaker for Lok Sabha? ... Ethnic Cleansing and Economic Reforms in Free Market Democracy ...
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3. Arya-Brahmin Vengeance on Bengali-Tamil Dalits & Chakma Adivasi ...

    - 2 visits - 15/10/09
   7 Apr 2009 ... periods for an uninterrupted fest of drugs, rock n roll and karmic cleansing. ...... Pulin Biswas had asked his Dalit refugees not to go to .... which would ultimately lead to ethnic blood-bath. ...... Palash Biswas, C/O Mrs Arati Roy, Gostokanan, Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110, Phone: 91-33-25659551 ...
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4. Maoists help promote ethnic cleansing - Contribute - MSNIndia

   Maoists help promote ethnic cleansing. - by Palash Biswas 21 Nov 2009. This story has been read 458 times. Category: News ...
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5. Being enviroment activists is profitable business, opines Palash ...

   by Palash Biswas 22 Jan 2010. Category: News ... But this green cover is now being utilised as an effective tool for economic ethnic cleansing. ...
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6. Economic Ethnic Cleansing - Palash Speaks

   18 Jan 2010 ... Festivals for Economic ETHNIC Cleansing! Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time- Two Hundred SIXTY Seven Palash Biswas ...
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7. nandigram - Palash Speaks

   Caste Discrimination Translated into Ethnic Cleansing in this Divided Bleeding Geopolitics Palash Biswas Caste Discrimination is translated into ethnic . ...
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8. Palash chandra Biswas's Blog at BIGADDA >> N-deal will happen ...

   25 Nov 2009 ... Maoists help promote ethnic cleansing - Contribute - MSNIndia. by Palash Biswas 21 Nov 2009. This story has been read 10 times. … calrified ...
   blogs.bigadda.com/.../n-deal-will-happen-obama-to-pm-us-promoted-civil-societies-have-captured-power-as-well-as-resistance-hegemonies-in-i... - Cached -

9. Blogs

   Posted by Palash Biswa in Palash Speaks on 2008-03-27|00:06:48 ... Trend of the Marxists was exposed naked in Marichjhanpi Ethnic cleansing in January 1979. ...
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10. खोज परिणाम

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    Caste Discrimination Translated into Ethnic Cleansing in this Divided ... Palash biswas द्वारा 19 मार्च, 2008 11:24 PM पर पोस्टेड # ...
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1. Palash Biswas - Palash India

   18 Nov 2009 ... On the eve of the Indian Prime Minister's state visit to United States, ... we Commuters were engaged in intense debate on Indian Economy as the debate .... Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams, Chapter 416 Palash Biswas ...
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2. palashbiswas's blog - Palash Speaks

    Rural Mutiny, FARM CRISIS and Cereally challenged Indian Economy  Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 174  Palash Biswas  Indian ADRs lose nearly ...
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3. palashbiswas's blog - Palash Speaks

   Face of the RESISTANCE MANIK MANDAL Â Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 210 Â Palash Biswas Â; News results for Indian Economy ...
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Inflation to peak at 8.7%, RBI tightening from Jan: BofAML

27 Jan 2010, 1718 hrs IST, PTI
MUMBAI: Inflation is likely to peak at 8.7 per cent by end-March and the Reserve Bank is likely to begin tightening its monetary policy from its January policy review itself, a report by Bank of America Merrill Lynch (BofAML) has said.

The report also pegged the country's GDP growth at 8 per cent, assuming a normal monsoon.

"The first-half this year will see inflation going up to 8.7 per cent level. High inflation at a time of easy liquidity could lead the RBI to hike cash reserve ratio (CRR) by January itself against the backdrop of rising inflation and receding growth risks," BofAML Managing Director Jyotivardan Jaipuria told reporters in Mumbai on Wednesday.

"But normal rains -- that are expected -- will douse inflation by the middle of the year at around 5 per cent," he said.

Industrial growth is expected to climb up in the second half of the year to 10 per cent from 6.5 per cent in H1 FY 10 on the back of the base effect of last year's meltdown and the recovery in machinery production seen since June 09, BofAML said.

Just as inflation cools off, year-on-year industrial growth will hit a soft patch in June-September 2010, it said.

India needs $250 bn worth investment to drive growth: ICICI Bank

27 Jan 2010, 1555 hrs IST, PTI

DAVOS: Investments will power India's economic growth in the days ahead and the country needs about $250 billion in the next three years, ICICI Bank CEO and Managing Director Chanda Kochhar said today.

"Our next driver of growth really is going to be investment and this is the time I am really seeing activity towards investment starting. That is what is different from last January (2009) and this January", she told PTI after arriving in this Swiss ski resort for the 40th edition of the World Economic Forum.

Although India is receiving robust portfolio investments (in stocks), what India needs is Foreign Direct Investments.

"I can at least see projects worth $250 billion which can get executed in the next 3 years", Kochhar said, relishing the change of mood in this year's WEF gathering from the sombre one last January.

"Last January most corporates had given up... investment plans and... said that we want to watch how the situation emerges", she said, adding the Indian brigade is much more optimistic this year than it was a year ago.

Also Read

→ IMF bullish on India, ups growth outlook projections for 2010

→ India scores big with NREGA

→ Worst is over; bumps and opportunity go together: Premji

→ No immediate increase in interest rate in sight: ICICI

Kochhar attributed Indian optimism to country's inherent strengths which include large domestic market and young population as compared to other major economies of the world.

Having grown by over 9 per cent in the three years till 2007-08, India's economic growth slipped to 6.7 per cent in '09, mainly on account of the impact of the global financial meltdown that started in the US in 2008.

When should fiscal stimulus be withdrawn?

31 Dec 2009, 0638 hrs IST,

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P K Choudhury, Vice-Chairman & group CEO, ICRA July 2010 would be an appropriate time for a phased exit The fiscal stimulus packages were announced by the government after October 2008 to support growth and avert a deep and prolonged slowdown resulting from a global economic crisis. Prior to the fiscal stimulus packages, the government also announced certain policy measures such as farm loan waiver and release of the first instalment of pay arrears under the Sixth Pay Commission recommendations. Roughly, all these measures supported the aggregate demand growth by 3-3.5% of GDP during 2008-09. The stimulus packages and the policy measures enabled the economy to avert a crisis. While the country's GDP growth slowed down from 9% in 2007-08 to 6.7% in 2008-09 and around 7% in the first half of 2009-10, the economy has achieved a growth rate — despite a steep decline in exports — which is among the highest growth rates in the world during these periods. The stimulus packages have not only enabled the Indian economy to avert a severe impact of the global economic crisis but also sustained a high rate of growth during this period. The industrial production has gathered momentum, the services sector is recovering, consumer confidence is returning and business sentiment is improving. Corporate profitability has improved quarter-on-quarter since Q3 of 2008-09. There is an expectation that exports would return to positive growth by April 2010. However, all these have been achieved at a substantial fiscal cost; an unsustainably-high fiscal deficit resulting in a departure from FRBM targets and fiscal consolidation. The estimated fiscal deficit of 6% of GDP in 2008-09 and 6.8% of GDP in 2009-10 is way above the target of restricting the fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by 2008-09. The fiscal deficit in 2010-11 is also likely to remain high as revenue collection may miss the target. The time has come for fiscal prudence and discipline. It is time to review and arrive at a plan for withdrawal of fiscal stimulus packages. The right course of action would be to consider a gradual withdrawal. A sudden and comprehensive withdrawal could jeopardise the economic recovery that is gathering strength. In the short run, it will surely hurt. But keeping in mind the difficult task of sustaining a combination of high fiscal deficit, strong growth and controlled inflation, it has to be done. The adverse impact could be offset by appropriate increase in investment, both industrial as well as infrastructural. A priority in that case would be to create enabling policy framework to escalate investment in sectors such as power, roads and ports. The most appropriate time to begin the process of phased withdrawal of stimulus packages would be around July 2010, by when corporate performance during 2009-10 would be known and reliable information on the status of global economic recovery would be available. The withdrawal of stimulus packages is inevitable, given the need for fiscal consolidation. Under the circumstances, continued spending by the state and central governments in creating infrastructure is likely to remain a key engine of economic growth and the extent and phase of resurgence of private investment activity is likely to play a critical role in shaping the trajectory of economic growth.

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5397924.cms

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Amidst  NREGA Focus and BUDGET Lobbying,Blood bath on markets; Sensex crashes 491 points; Nifty near 4,850..Seeking to project the change brought about by the government's flagship programme, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi will release two reports on NREGA at a function here on February 2.Meanwhile, Five days of sharp losses turned bloody on the sixth day today on the markets, with funds and investors pressing the panic button,pulling down the Sensex by nearly 500 points--biggest single-day fall since August.

Make shareholding pattern of rating agencies public, SEBI body cries aloud while FIIs, MNCs, India Incs and Economists try hard to Kill Dr BR Ambedkar and plan to revisit Constitution amidst the Sixtieth Year Hype of India Republic. Civil Society, Intelligentsia and Media combined Engaged in the Economics  of EXCLUSION and Politics of Coding and Decoding to Manufacture Consent for Mass Destruction Agenda specifically Economic Ethnic Cleansing!

Govt expects Rs 20,000 cr from sale of PSU shares by March!topmost Priority for Pranab Mukherjee is MAKING Up Twenty Years Reforms deficit including Economic as well as Home reforms without disturbing the Government finance and flagship Programme like Rural and Urban development and welfare schemes including NREGA! Where from the Money wil be coming for the Budget as stimulus has to continue with Taxation relief for the India Incs and MNCs, Realty, Power, Energy, construction, Infrastructure, IT, Retail, Capital Goods, Construction, Housing  sectors to also BOOSTED. FIIS have to Control the Periphery Economy to sustain GROWTH which Targets up to FORTY K despite the Bloodbath in the Markets. Divestment and Disinvestment along with foreign capital Inflow would be on topmost Priority. Obstacles in Industrialisation in the reference of land acquisitions, Insurrections, Trade unions, Mass movements and Peasantry with the Resistance from aboriginal India against Displacement have to be DEALT and Hence, Home reforms are on topmost Priority beside the ongoing War against the People of India. Budget lay outs and Planning are Never enough as AFPSA and Military Rule, Zero Tolerance Policies have failed apart. Total Economic Ethnic cleansing is quite Impossible without abolishing the Present Constitution framework. Coming budget session is waited eagerly as it is expected that the Extra Constitutional Elements running the Government would Regulate everything and the Brahaminical Judiciary endorse it with CIVIL Society, NGOs, Media and Intelligentsia support!

We have to do something very Specific to upset the Apple cart of the Hegemony as Political Opposition has been Nullified since Pune Pact and Political reservation making Escape route in Co Option!

The government is well on course to achieve the target of Rs 20,000 crore it had set to raise this fiscal by divesting stake in public sector units.

Thus far the Centre has raised Rs 4,259 crore through the initial public offers (IPO) of Oil India and power company NHPC this fiscal.

"We have a target of (collecting) roughly Rs 20,000 crore by March 2010. I think we will be able to do it," S Pradhan, Joint Secretary in Department of Disinvestment, told reporters here on the sidelines of a roadshow for NTPC's follow-on public offer (FPO).

He was replying to a query whether the government would be able to meet its target of raising money despite volatile stock market conditions.

The government has embarked on an ambitious divestment programme and will off-load stake in thermal power producer NTPC Ltd, mining major NMDC, Rural Electrification Corp (REC) and hydro-power generator Satlaj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd (SJVNL), this fiscal itself.

"Next, probably will be the follow-on public offer of Engineers India Ltd (EIL) because the Cabinet approval has come in. We are planning FPOs for SAIL, Power Grid Corp and an IPO for Coal India Ltd," Pradhan said without giving details.

About rail engineering and consultancy firm RITES, he said the government is not planning stake sale in it.

While the PM will release 'Report to the people on Mahatma Gandhi NREGA', the congress president will release 'Rozgar Sutra', a compilation of innovations, case studies and field reports on NREGA.

In the flagship scheme, 100-days of wage employment is guaranteed in each financial year to the rural households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Rural Development Minister C P Joshi will present a report on convergence of various development schemes of the government with NREGA.

Official sources said the occasion will be the commemoration of the fourth year of the commencement of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which has now been renamed as Mahatma Gandhi NREGA.

State rural development ministers, members of the Central Employment Guarantee Council, senior officials of the Ministry of Rural Development, NREGA workers and district programme coordinators among others have been invited to participate in the programme 'Mahatma Gandhi NREGA Sammelan-2010'.

About 4.34 crore households have so far been provided job under the programme during the current financial year. Of the total workers, about 50 per cent were women.



After a 188 points downside opening, the Bombay Stock Exchange 30-share barometer continued to fall and ended the day crashing 490.64 points or 2.92 per cent to settle at 16,289.82--a low seen last time since November 3 last.

A litany of bad news both onshore and offshore lead to the biggest single-day crash of the market since August 17 last.

While poor Q3 numbers by a string of leading companies dented the investor confidence in those stocks and the resultant selling, the continued bearishness in the global markets also led to heavy selling by funds across the counters, said marketmen.

Marketmen also attributed the panic selling to unwinding of long positions by wary operators ahead of the expiry of the January contracts tomorrow.

The forthcoming credit policy, which is expected to announce some measures to contain the spiralling infliction, also weighed on interest-sensitive sectors like realty, autos and banking, leading to heavy selling in them, said marketmen.

However, Religare Securities president-equity broking Ashu Madan said, "the crash was on the expected line as a correction was due in the market after the huge rally of the past two-three months. Also, when there is no bad news, the fear factor comes to play--a fear that market may correct further made more pressure on the market and hence the crash."

On the global front, the rating agency S&P downgraded the outlook for the Japanese economy to negative yesterday and warned that it would revise its the ratings for the Japanese debt if the world's second largest economy did not bring down its huge deficit.

Reports that China would further cool down its economy with policy actions also weighed down on the already spooked investors and fund houses.

During the six-session fall, the bellwether index Sensex lost 6.64 per cent or 1,171.26 points.

Meanwhile, the broader 50-issue Nifty of the National Stock Exchange too tanked by a whopping 154.80 points or 3.09 per cent to close at 4,853.10, the level not seen since November 6 last, from its last close.

Today the Nifty broke two physiologically sensitive levels of 5,000 and 4,900.

The worst hit was the interest rate-related stocks from realty, auto and banking. The Reserve Bank will announce its quarterly monetary policy review on January 29 and it is widely believed to suck out liquidity form the market to reign in wayward inflation.

All the BSE sectoral indices closed in the red today with the Realty index topping the list of losers with a 7.97 per cent crash. The second was the Metal index which plunged 5.82 per cent following profit selling as reports came in about the weakness in metal prices on the London Metal Exchange.

The third biggest loser was the Auto index which crashed 4.78 per cent, followed by the Bankex with a fall of 4.19 per cent and PSU index with a 3.81 per cent fall.

Make shareholding pattern of rating agencies public: SEBI body

The shareholding pattern of all credit rating agencies should be made public so that their relationship, if any, with rated companies, could be known, a body constituted by market regulator SEBI has recommended.

"It is important for the members of the public to know that the relationship of the CRA is at arm's length with that of the rated entity, in letter and spirit. Hence, shareholding ownership patterns of all CRAs need to be made public," says the National Institute of Securities Markets (NISM).

NISM is a public trust, set up by SEBI. It assessed the rating agencies on the request of a high-level committee, founded by financial sector regulators.

It also said rating agencies should completely separate their advisory and rating services.

"Some other agencies continue to offer services other than ratings. It is to be ensured that the registered CRA, as a corporate entity, must not engage in any services other than ratings," NISM said.

The high-level committee was set up by a coordinating body between the Sebi, RBI, PFRDA and IRDA after the role of the CRAs came under sharp criticism for their role in the global financial crisis.

Investor sentiment in India back to pre-crisis level: ING

Investor sentiment in India has returned to the pre financial crisis level, driven by robust domestic consumption and pick-up in exports, and more market activity is in store this year, said a survey.

According to the survey 'ING Investor Dashboard Survey', the India index, which provides market insights into investor attitude and outlook, has jumped a whopping 122 per cent to 169 for the fourth quarter of 2009 from 76 in the same period of 2008.

The index also allows each market to be benchmarked and tracked against the overall investor sentiment across Asia.

Besides, Indian investors have begun the year 2010 with optimism that is highest in Asia, the survey by global financial services group ING said.

"The findings ....point to the confidence investors have in the sustainability of India's GDP growth rate which eventually translates into increase in corporate earnings," ING Investment Management India MD and CEO Navin Suri said.

The overall pan-Asia (excluding-Japan) investor sentiment index also showed a significant 101 per cent jump in investor sentiment for 2009, with overall confidence recovering to pre-global financial crisis level.

A quarter-on-quarter comparison shows that there is a modest increase in investor confidence both in case of India as well as Asia pacific, reflecting that there is confidence in the stability of the global recovery.

The bullish recovery in investor sentiments was driven by recovery in regional economies and exports, leading to growth in export-driven markets like Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, which rose over 100 per cent from a year ago.

Consolidation in telecom sector inevitable: Sunil Mittal

Bharti Enterprises chairman Sunil Bharti Mittal on Wednesday said the Indian telecom sector will see consolidation with the increase in the number of operators and the consequent erosion in profitability of the players.

He said its time for the regulator to come out with a comprehensive Merger and Acquisition (M&A) policy.

"Consolidation is a natural phenomenon. Bloodbath have started to happen. There is enough of it now. Marketcaps have come to a half. Companies are making losses after so long. There will be only few players six, seven but certainly not twelve. Its (consolidation)is inevitable," Mittal told CNBC TV18 during the World Economic Forum.

"When you have too much capacity consolidation needs to happen," he said.

Airtel's third quarter profits were dented saw by the intense price war.The company posted meagre 2.3 per cent growth in quarterly profits at Rs 2,210 crore.

Mittal expressed hope that the telecom regulator TRAI will come up with a comprehensive Merger and Acquisition policy soon.

Mumbai belongs to all of India: Mukesh Ambani

LONDON: Reliance Industries chairman Mukesh Ambani has said the recent controversy over making knowledge of Marathi mandatory for issuing taxi permits in Mumbai was unfortunate and said the metropolis belongs to all of India.

"We are all Indians first. Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi belong to all Indians. That is the reality," he said on Tuesday during a panel discussion at the London School of Economics organised to release Rajya Sabha MP N K Singh's book, 'Not by Reason Alone: The Politics of Change'.

Ambani's remark that while India's corporate world had moved away from 'licence raj' after economic liberalisation, Mumbai's "poor taxiwala is still dealing with licence raj" was received with applause from the gathering.

Responding to a question on the taxi drivers controversy, Ambani said the real challenge and opportunity was whether India was able to create 15 to 20 million new jobs every year.

The Maharashtra government has, however, rescinded its order on making knowledge of Marathi a pre-condition to awarding taxi permits a day after proposing it.

"Employment is the biggest challenge in the coming years. We are not moving fast enough," Ambani said.
Rajya Sabha MP N K Singh termed the controversy over renewing taxi licences in Mumbai as "misplaced populism".

Ambani noted that many Indian professionals abroad were returning because of the many opportunities for self- fulfillment in India.

He said the next 20 years would be full of opportunities for the returning Indian professionals that will have an impact on millions of people back home.

"India is blessed with connections in Europe and in the US that raise our status as a country. The achievements of our diaspora help India, but whatever had to be done in the West, has been done. Now is the time to come back; there are more opportunities in India," he said.

After the event, Ambani was mobbed by eager students, most of them Indians, as they vied to speak to him and take photographs with him. He cheerfully interacted with them and invited them to Mumbai.

Security personnel had to intervene to escort Ambani to his car.

India's import bill on sensitive items up 34 per cent

India's import bill on sensitive items, mainly farm-related goods, has registered a hefty rise of 34.5 per cent during the first seven months of this fiscal.

Data released by the commerce ministry on Wednesday placed the value of sensitive items' imports at Rs 35,487 crore ($7.1 billion) between April and October 2009, against Rs 26,378 crore ($5.27 billion) in the like period of the previous fiscal.

Import of sensitive items, numbering around 350, includes pulses, edible oils, fruits and vegetables, rubber, spices, tea, coffee and milk products, besides automobiles, alcoholic beverages, cotton, silk and items reserved for small-scale industries.

The rise in imports of sensitive items has come despite the country's overall import bill for all commodities registering a decline during the period under review.

Such gross imports were valued at Rs 716,535 crore ($14.330 billion) compared to Rs 916,483 crore ($18.33 billion) during April-October 2008, a commerce ministry release showed.

RBI set to raise banks' reserve requirements

27 Jan 2010, 1423 hrs IST, REUTERS

24 of 25 economists expect 50 bps increase in the cash reserve ratio (CRR), or the proportion of deposits banks must keep with the Reserve Bank. That would take the level to 5.5 percent.

Eight of 25 expect a 25 bps increase in reverse repo and repo rates to 5.0 percent and 3.5 percent respectively. Others expect no change in rates at the policy review.

The reverse repo rate is the borrowing rate of the Reserve Bank and is the operational rate now. The repo is the lending rate.


FACTORS TO WATCH

Inflation has surged, primarily driven by a sharp rise in food prices after a weak monsoon. Signs of economic recovery are also evident in strong GDP and industrial output data.

The RBI says the rise in inflation driven by food prices is a supply-side issue monetary policy cannot address. Still, it is worried about inflation pressures spilling over to the broader economy, and will watch for signs of demand-side price pressures in indicators such as asset prices, credit growth, and manufacturing prices.

Top CEOs, ministers to lead India at 40th edition of World Economic Forum

26 Jan 2010, 0414 hrs IST, Sudeshna Sen, ET Bureau

DAVOS: This week, all roads from Zurich lead up the slippery, icy slope to Davos, where the world's rich and powerful gather for their annual

Klaus Schwab, WEF Founder

talk-fest. It's where you can bump into Indra Nooyi chatting up Melinda Gates, or Paulo Coelho contemplating a coffee, or Eric Schmidt of Google cosying up to Li Keqiang, vice-premier of China.

You're as likely to be debating the future of market capitalism and executive compensation as you are to discuss theories of happiness, life on other planets, or Shakespeare's take on the global recession. This year, as the tiny Alpine village gets ready to host over 2,500 of the world's Who's Who for the 40th year, there's a sense of intense curiosity in the crisp, sunny air — after all the theme this year is 'Improving the State of the World, Rethink, Rebuild, Redesign.'

Set immediately after Haiti, President Obama's crackdown on banks, the return of the bankers, a recovering global economy, along with a looming shadow of sovereign defaults and an overheating China, Davos is expected to be interesting. There's a new word floating around — 'wocial' — part work, part social for what happens at Davos.

"We have to rethink our values — we are living together in a global society with many different cultures. We have to redesign our processes — how do we deal with the issues and challenges on the global agenda. And finally, we have to rebuild our institutions," said Klaus Schwab, founder of the World Economic Forum (WEF). This year, co-chairs include Melinda Gates, Peter Sands of StanChart, Josef Ackermann of Deutsche Bank, Eric Schmidt of Google and Azim Premji of Wipro.

Diaries, however, are ferociously filling up with the myriad cocktail, lunch, dinner and nightcap private invitations, plus some more exclusive hubbubs. "For a week, there's a strange kind of democracy — everyone slips on the ice," said a regular visitor. "Make sure you go for the Bollywood night dos hosted by Wipro," said another.

Naturally, celebs and CEOs can relax — entry to Davos is restricted to a minimum of board level clout and a personal invitation.

Almost a third of the event is either closed to the reporting media, or 'off the record', and can't make headlines around the world. ET will be there to read between the lines, and make sure you don't miss any behind the headline action. This year, early signals are that the Chinese intend to make a splash, along with South Africa and South Korea.

Once seen as a private business club, the World Economic Forum is at pains to point out that over 30 heads of state — from South Korea to Brazil to France – over 60 senior ministers, including our own Anand Sharma, Kamal Nath and Montek Singh Ahluwalia, a host of labour leaders and NGOs, over 100 media leaders, academics, and a large contingent from the arts and culture, social entrepreneurs will be out in full force. Not to mention the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, among the dozen or so from the faith contingent. "It also reflects the shift from a G7 to a G20 world, with much wider geographic representation," said a senior WEF official.

The Indian contingent, which has gradually increased its presence at Davos over the past four years, includes the likes of Mukesh Ambani, Rahul Bajaj, Chanda Kochhar of ICICI, Anand Mahindra, StanChart's Jaspal Bindra, Tulsi Tanti and many more from every list. Watch this space, we'll be bringing you daily dispatches, interviews, and more.

India to fast-track talks to sew up ASEAN services trade pact

27 Jan 2010, 0151 hrs IST, Amiti Sen, ET Bureau

NEW DELHI: India will try to expedite negotiations on opening up trade in services with the 10-member ASEAN at a senior officials meeting next week in Jakarta. The feasibility of the August-end deadline for concluding the talk, which is expected to provide greater opportunity to Indian professionals to travel and work in South-East Asia, will also be judged at the meet, a government official has said.

"This will be the first meeting on services after the Free Trade Agreement in goods became operational this month," an official, who did not wish to be named, told ET.

The ASEAN secretariat, which is compiling requests from ASEAN countries for opening up of various services sectors in India, is expected to present the requests list at the meeting beginning on February 2. India has already sent its requests to the ASEAN members.

The services negotiations are taking place on a request-offer basis, wherein both sides make requests for the openings they seek and offers are made by the receiving country based on the requests.

According to a report by industry body CII, the services part of the India-ASEAN FTA is crucial as India seeks market access for its IT, ITES, health, education and other services in ASEAN with its rapidly growing middle-class. The ASEAN market is very important for India as the region is a net importer of services and imported over $180 billion worth of services in 2008. Services sector contributes over 55% to India's gross domestic product (GDP).

While the India-ASEAN FTA in goods — which will allow duty-free trade in more than 4,000 goods in a phased manner — is operational since the beginning of January, the agreement on services and investment is still being negotiated.

Trade ministers from India and the ASEAN countries, which include Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, had decided last year that services and investment should be made part of the bilateral agreement by August 2010. "We will get a clear idea about the feasibility of the August deadline when we meet next week and see how prepared the ASEAN countries are for speeding up the negotiations," the official said.

India has made requests in a number of areas including teaching, nursing, architecture, chartered accountancy and medicine as it has a large number of English speaking professionals in these areas who can gain from job opportunities in the ASEAN region. India is also keen on expanding its telecom, IT, tourism and banking network in the ASEAN countries.

ASEAN countries, on the other hand, are looking at more openings in the area of tourism. The more economically advanced members like Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia are also keen on liberalisation of financial services like banking and insurance.

India share sales may hit $30 bn in 2010: JPMorgan

26 Jan 2010, 0843 hrs IST, REUTERS
MUMBAI: JPMorgan expects share sales in India to reach as much as $30 billion in 2010, a 50 per cent increase, led by government stake sales and IPOs by power and property firms, its India investment banking head said.

"This year is going to be all about IPOs and government sell-downs," Vedika Bhandarkar said in an interview. "There may also be a second round of fund raising from some firms that raised money last year," she said.

Indian firms raised $20.2 billion from share sales in 2009, mostly through follow-on offerings, a 181 per cent increase from a year earlier, according to Thomson Reuters data. IPOs accounted for just $4.1 billion of the total.

Upcoming issues include a planned government stake sale in top Indian power firm NTPC Ltd to raise up to Rs 120 billion ($2.6 billion), a deal led by JPMorgan, Citigroup, Kotak Securities and ICICI Securities.

Among IPOs, the biggest in the pipeline is a planned $1.5 billion listing by private sector electricity firm Jindal Power.

Call rates expected to be between 3.00% and 3.50%

25 Jan 2010, 0219 hrs IST, Vikrant Mehta,
The truncated week, on account of the Republic Day holiday, is not likely to put pressure on call money rates. While the beginning of the week will see outflows of Rs 7,000 crore on account of auction of government securities, the latter part of the week will see inflows of around Rs 14,000 crore as a result of interest payments and maturities of government securities.

Liquidity is thus expected to be easy with call money rates likely to be closely aligned to the reverse-repo rate. In the policy review, while most market participants anticipate a hike in CRR by up to 50 basis points, there is no clear consensus about the repo and reverse-repo rates. An increase in CRR is unlikely to affect the call money rates, but a change in reverse-repo rate could accordingly influence the movement of call money rates, post policy.

(Vikrant Mehta, Fund manager, Fixed income AIG Global Asset Management)
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/money-markets/Call-rates-expected-to-be-between-300-and-350/articleshow/5496427.cms

Govt eyes cash bills for short-term funds

18 Jan 2010, 0541 hrs IST, Anto Antony, ET Bureau
EW DELHI: The government is considering using cash management bills with an average tenor, or maturity, of 30 days to finance its short-term demand for funds in the last two months of this fiscal, a move which could provide more depth to the local money market besides helping banks in improving their asset-liability management.

This proposal, if implemented, could help bring in greater discipline in government finances. The finance ministry's decision comes after a recent meeting in New Delhi with senior officials from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which manages the government's debt programme, according to an official with knowledge of the issue. Senior officials from RBI's internal debt management department, including executive director HR Khan, had met the finance ministry officials in New Delhi in the context of the government borrowings for the rest of this fiscal.

While the government is confident of restricting the fiscal deficit for 2009-10 to the budgeted 6.8% of GDP, it is still anticipating short-term demands for funds during the last two months of this fiscal.

The RBI wants the government to use cash management bills — which was notified in August 2009 — as a way of financing these demands since they helps in draining surplus liquidity out of the banking system to the government in a manageable form. These bills issued for maturities of less than 91 days will be similar to treasury bills which are government paper with a maturity period of less than a year.

As the central bank has already granted statutory liquidity ratio, or SLR, status to these bills, a large issuance could also help banks to ward off any major mark-to-market losses in the fourth quarter that accrue when bond yields move up. These bills will be issued at a discount to the face value through auctions, as in the case of treasury bills.

"A comment on the appetite for these bills can be made only after we see the first issue and some idea about the amount of bills," said a primary dealer. Till now, the government was using ways and means advances (borrowing from RBI for which limits are set twice a year to meet short-term demands).

Although the cash management bill was notified in early August last year, the new money instrument is yet to be used. It is expected to supplement the ways and means advances (WMA) and eventually replace it. Earlier, the government could borrow through WMA at any time and repay it, although the limits were set two times a year. The central bank's recommendation may force the government to plan its finances well in advance.

Rate futures may pick up in 2010 on easier norms

25 Dec 2009, 0301 hrs IST, Gaurav Pai, ET Bureau
MUMBAI: The interest rate futures market could see a pick-up in 2010 with the National Stock Exchange (NSE) making the terms of physical settlement more market-friendly, dealers tracking the bond market said.

NSE has reduced the number of securities that qualify for the physical settlement from 17 to just seven for contracts expiring in June 2010. This will reduce the chances that a buyer of rate futures receives illiquid bonds as part of the physical delivery, dealers said.

Interest rate futures allow market participants holding debt securities to hedge fluctuations in the portfolio arising out of interest rate changes.

"There's a good chance that contracts expiring in June 2010 will see good volumes since the risk that a buyer will be saddled with illiquid securities has come down dramatically," said a dealer at a bond house.

He explained that one of the key reasons why bond futures have not picked up as yet, is the definite skew in favour of the seller of futures. The seller has a wide range of securities which he or she can deliver to the buyer. This, in an market where other than the benchmark 10-year bond and two or three other bonds, most other government securities are hardly traded.

NSE has reduced the range in the tenure of securities eligible for physical delivery as 8.5 to 10.5 years, as per contract specifications for the June 2010 contracts on its website. For the contracts expiring in December 2009 (the cycle ended this month) and March 2010, the range was 8-12 years. Thus, the number of eligible securities hascome down.

Market regulator Sebi's recent move to allow exchanges flexibility in the settlement period of each contract may also help the market. Exchanges are now expected to reduce this time from a month (current rules) to a fortnight, week or even a day. The month-long delivery period was another aspect favouring the seller, dealers said.

A NSE official also said his firm has been lobbying for cash settlement of bond futures, a move that can help propel the market. If bond transactions are settled in cash, they will resemble equity and currency futures.
Bond futures expiring in March and June have outstanding open positions of just 2075 and 526 contracts as on Thursday, with combined daily traded volumes of less than Rs 50 crore throughout December, according to data on NSE's website.

Govt boosts PDS grain flow in fight against inflation

22 Jan 2010, 0557 hrs IST, ET Bureau

NEW DELHI: The government will release more grain in the next couple of months to contain rising prices , despite a slight fall in food inflation that failed to reflect hardening prices of wheat, pulses, onions and fruits. It has also convened a meeting of the state chief ministers on fighting price rise. The meeting to be held on January 27 will be chaired by the prime minister. The Centre has accused the states of not lifting food stocks allotted to them for the PDS. The cabinet committee on prices on Thursday decided to provide additional 10 kg of wheat or rice for the next two months through PDS to needy families holding antodya, BPL, and APL cards — issued to them by the central government to better target its poverty alleviation programmes. Wheat and rice will be sold at Rs 10.8/kg and Rs 15.37/kg, respectively , the minimum support price at which the government bought the grains. The government hopes that these measures will help contain food price inflation, which stood at 16.81% for the week ended January 9 as against 17.28% the week before, data released by the commerce ministry on Thursday showed. A statement attributed to agriculture minister Sharad Pawar had raised the spectre of a hike in milk prices. Mr Pawar on Thursday denied the remarks attributed to him. The minister had said last week that the government would bring down prices of essential itsms in 10 days, while announcing a host of measures including stricter implementation of the Essential Commodities Act. High food prices are fueling the overall inflation, which has already crossed RBI's target of 6.5% for end March. The wholesale price index-based annual inflation stood at 7.31% for December 2009, prompting the country's chief statistician to raise his inflation estimate for the end of the fiscal year to 9%. "Unless something dramatic happens on agri prices, it (inflation) would probably be over 9%," said Pronab Sen, chief statistician of India and secretary at the ministry of statistics and programme implementation. Expert opinion is divided on the possible action by the apex bank when it reviews the monetary policy on January 29. High inflation requires the RBI to hike policy rates, but the central bank could settle for a hike in the cash reserve ratio (CRR) to absorb additional liquidity in the system. It is feared that a hike in interest rates will hurt growth. But high interest rates will also cause capital inflows to accelerate, creating a monetary management problem. RBI governor D Subbarao had said earlier this week that he would support economic recovery without compromising on price stability. Bond market did not react much to the inflation numbers with the yield on 10-year benchmark paper closing at 7.57% on Thursday, its lowest since December 15, as against 7.62% on Wednesday.

Other stories in this section

• Blended fuel could add to pressure on cane
• Current urea policy ends March 31
• Socialist leaders flay centre, some states for ignoring agriculture
• Govt may buy 25 mt this rabi season
• Area under wheat crop dips by 1.48 pc so far in Rabi season

More >

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/Govt-boosts-PDS-grain-flow-in-fight-against-inflation/articleshow/5486568.cms

India Business News

India Business

Vandana to import SAfrica coal, eyes mines - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 10:20 PM CAPE TOWN (Reuters) - India's Vandana Global Ltd expects to soon start importing 1 million tonnes of coal a year from South Africa to secure fuel for two power stations it owns, the company's chief executive said on... Union Bk of India to raise $300-$500 mln by Feb - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 09:00 PM MUMBAI (Reuters) - State-run Union Bank of India plans to raise $300-$500 million by February through medium term notes of 5-year tenure, a top official said on... China, Russia push BRIC IPOs to $6.7 bln in Jan - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 08:40 PM LONDON (Reuters) - New share listings in Russia and China accounted for 76 percent of global IPOs so far in 2010, with January flotation volumes of $6.7 billion, the highest on record for the month, Thomson Reuters data... Russia's 5th-gen fighter to fly by end Jan - source - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 08:30 PM MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russia will test fly by the end of January a new "fifth generation" jet fighter that aims to challenge the United States for technical superiority, an aviation industry source told Reuters on... Cholamandalam DBS Fin board OKs raising 4 bln rupees - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 08:30 PM MUMBAI (Reuters) - Financial services firm Cholamandalam DBS Finance Ltd said on Wednesday its board approved raising 4 billion rupees through a private placement of non-convertible... DLF Dec qtr net rises 26 pct - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 08:30 PM NOTE: DLF Ltd is India's top listed real estate firm. The numbers are...

EARLIER HEADLINES

• Patel Engg sees revenue grow 20-25 pct in FY10
  - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 07:00 PM
• Govt approves $888 mln shipping projects - fin min
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• KEC Intl hopes big BSNL order boosting FY10 orderbook
  - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 06:50 PM
• India, Angola agree for cooperation in hydrocarbon sector
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• PNB sees steady loan growth; says bad loans manageable
  - Reuters - Wed 27 Jan, 06:20 PM

» More Archived News
http://in.biz.yahoo.com/business-news/india-business.html

Our Republic turns 60

Democratic journey

VIKRAM RAGHAVAN

How has the nation fared since we gave ourselves the gift of democracy? Vikram Raghavan, Gopal Sankaranarayanan, Gyan Prakash,Nandini Sundar and Pamela Philipose look back at the Republic's often-troubled journey....

Photo: The Hindu Photo Archives

Momentous:The first President of India, Rajendra Prasad, signing the calligraphic copy of the constitution.

A look at the difficult circumstances in which our Constitution was adopted...

On a cold winter's morning 60 years ago today, 271 men and women huddled together in New Delhi's Legislative Building. As members of the Constituent Assembly, they had spent the past three years debating a governing charter for India. Together, they had produced the world's longest national basic law. They now assembled for their final session and could barely contain their excitement. Before them lay two large blue books with the Constitution's 90,000 words carefully handwritten in English and Hindi. The books were also illustrated with events from Indian history exquisitely prepared by the great national artist, Nandalal Bose of Santiniketan.

The Assembly was established under the "cabinet mission plan" after Prime Minister Clement Atlee concluded that Great Britain could no longer rule India. Under the mission's plan, legislative elections were held in every British India province with eligible voters having to satisfy certain property qualifications. Provincial legislators then elected the Assembly's members under a formula, which ensured that each member represented approximately one million people. Members were also elected or nominated to represent the native princely states.

In the Assembly, the Congress commanded a significant majority. Yet, the body's membership remained heterogeneous and diverse because the Congress high command strove to ensure that different shades of opinion were adequately represented. With remarkable foresight, the party also arranged for the election of several non-Congressmen, including B.R. Ambedkar, who had repeatedly clashed with Congress leaders; K.M. Munshi, who had left the party; and S.P. Mookerjee, the Hindu Mahasabha leader. Despite some inevitable differences, they worked closely with the Congress's stalwarts, Nehru, Patel, and Azad. This "team of rivals", to use the American historian Doris Kearns Godwin's phrase, later ensured that the Constitution quickly acquired widespread legitimacy and popular acceptance.

Unique character

There were no foreign consultants involved in framing the Constitution. This is in sharp contrast to the considerable external influence evident in other contemporaneously written national charters, notably the post-World War Japanese Constitution, or closer to home, the first Sri Lankan Constitution of 1946. Our founders were adamant that Indians should have full control over the drafting process. They accomplished that objective with the assistance of several lawyer-members including Nehru, Prasad, Ambedkar, and Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar and eminent non-partisan experts, such as N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a veteran administrator and Jerome D'Souza, a Jesuit educationalist, who had also joined the Assembly.

The Assembly's members were initially divided into several committees to study such specific topics as fundamental rights, minorities, and centre-state relations. Relying on their inputs, the Assembly's Constitutional Adviser B.N. Rau, a brilliant ICS officer and judge, prepared an initial draft constitution in February 1948. Rau's draft was further revised by Ambedkar's drafting committee and issued in November 1948. The Assembly took almost a year to discuss it. Members insisted on reviewing every clause, and in some cases, every word and sentence. More than 2,000 amendments were considered and several were accepted. The house also received a large number of comments and suggestions on the draft from societies, chambers of commerce, government agencies, academics, and ordinary citizens. The drafting committee produced a revised draft, which was eventually adopted by the Assembly, with some changes, as the Constitution on November 26, 1949.

When the Assembly convened for its final session on January 24, 1950, its secretary, H.V.R. Iengar announced that Rajendra Prasad had been elected unopposed as India's first President. After accepting members' congratulations, Prasad announced that Jana Gana Mana would be the National Anthem and that Vande Mataram would have equal status. He then invited members to sign the Constitution's calligraphic copies. Nehru was the first to do so and members from Madras followed him. After the last member had signed the books, Prasad decided that he, too, must do so. But, rather than signing behind the last signatory, he clumsily inserted his name in the small space between the last line of the text and Nehru's signature.

Two days later, the Constitution became fully effective with "the fanfare of trumpets, the booming of guns and scenes of rejoicing." At a ceremony held in Rashtrapathi Bhavan's Durbar Hall, Governor General Rajagopalachari solemnly proclaimed India as a "Sovereign, Democratic Republic". He then exchanged seats with Prasad, and Chief Justice Kania swore-in Prasad as the first President. Twenty years after the Lahore Congress's Poorna Swaraj declaration, India had finally reclaimed its own sovereignty and formally severed legal links with Great Britain. Later that afternoon, Prasad rode in a carriage built originally for Viceroy Hardinge to witness a ceremonial parade at the Irwin Stadium.

Significant step

In many ways, India's birth as a republic in 1950 was more significant than its emergence as an independent dominion in 1947. First, in a completely radical break with the past, the Indian people chose to place themselves under a supreme law instead of being ruled by a monarch's diktat. They adopted a system of governance that meticulously defines the powers and responsibilities of the three branches and regulates relations between the centre and the states. Second, the Constitution is the bedrock of India's parliamentary democracy. It ensures that the governments are made and unmade through universal adult franchise supervised by an independent election commission. Third, through its unprecedented abolition of untouchability, the Constitution serves as a powerful emancipation proclamation ending centuries of caste-based discrimination and social exclusion. Its lofty Directive Principles of State Policy further underscores its commitment to social justice. Fourth, the Constitution expressly guarantees every citizen important fundamental rights, which may be subject to only certain restrictions. These rights include the ability to freely speak and express oneself; the freedom of conscience and to profess, practise, and even propagate a religion; basic protections against arbitrary arrest and detention by authorities, and various cultural and educational guarantees.

In an editorial on January 26, 1950, The Hindu welcomed the new republic's creation but emphasised the need to keep "a crusading spirit alive". It pointed out that the Constitution provides a "shell of democracy" and that it is up to the Indian people to breathe life into it. It reminded readers that the German Weimar Republic had also fashioned an admirable constitution. But that charter became "waste paper" because it lacked "fire in its belly". It was that fire, The Hindu argued, which had to be kindled if India was to establish a fair, equitable, and viable polity. Those words ring loudly this day as they did 60 years ago.

Vikram Raghavan is a Senior Counsel in the World Bank's Legal Vice Presidency. He is a contributor to the blog Law and Other Things.

http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/01/24/stories/2010012450050100.htm

Blowin' in the Hind

CP SURENDARAN, TOI Crest, 23 January 2010, 11:40am IST

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• Ambedkar
• dalit
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Two years after India 'adopted, enacted and gave' itself the Constitution that B R Ambedkar crafted with a pen flowing with the fairest of inks,

GOING BUST: Once a truly revered national icon, the chief architect of India's Constitution has today been reduced to an inspirational figure for just one caste

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the man himself was cast into political wilderness. In October 1951, Ambedkar resigned as law minister over differences with Nehru, liberal India's eternal pin-up prince and the only Prime Minister who could carry off a rose on his coat, planted close to his seemingly scented heart.

But, at least for Ambedkar, the perfume proved ephemeral. Nehru was doing all he could to stall the draft of the Hindu Code Bill that argued in favour of gender equality in the male-affirmatory laws of property inheritance and marriage, as his colleagues on the treasury benches and in the Opposition were against it. They feared that the Bill would "shatter the magnificent structure of Hindu Culture."

Ambedkar resigned, contested the 1952 elections independently and lost. After that, though he made it to the Rajya Sabha, he was never an integral part of the "Sovereign Socialist Democratic" establishment, which he had so clearly verbalised in the Constitution.

In more ways than one, Ambedkar was the Amitabh Bachchan of the untouchables. In 1932, for instance, Ambedkar had fought with Mahatma Gandhi for awarding separate electorates for the untouchables. Ambedkar withdrew his campaign and settled for reservation only when the Mahatma went on a fast unto death and a riot situation was clearly on the cards.

Ambedkar was the 14th of a teeming brood of children. He must have realised early on that if he didn't struggle, he wouldn't survive. Add to it his dirtpoor dalit origins and you have the classic underdogturning-into-the-ultimate-fighting machine situation. He entered the arena, equipped with an instinctive insight into the injustice of the colonial system, inherited after Independence, by a bunch of Oxbridge educated upper caste feudals.

The Constitution that Ambedkar built word by word is really a monument to hope. It promised redemption to a people whose faith in themselves had dimmed under centuries of alien rule. And cultured in the matrix of caste system, a great number of Indians - particularly scheduled castes and tribes - thought they were unworthy of a better lot in life.

The document Ambedkar held up was a critique of both a colonial philosophy of exploitation and India's own brand of casteist slavery. The essence of fundamental rights, be it equality of opportunity or prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, caste or sex; and directive principles, be it the rights of citizens to an adequate means of livelihood, or that children be protected against 'moral and material abandonment' - can be reduced to just two words: be fair.

Either because of repetition or because we can't care less, the fundamental rights and directive principles are now sounds without meaning. The sheer numbers of people outside their ambit argue against the effectiveness of the empowering institutions.

The man who wrote them, despite his genius, was cruelly discriminated against most of his life owing to his caste and straitened circumstances. He knew what it was to be hurt to the quick simply because he was born in the wrong family. He was equally aware how easy it was for those in power to perpetrate injustice by doing something, or just by doing nothing. The sensitivity of the wounded and the courage of the soldier inform Ambedkar's writing in general. The Constitution is an extension of his writing, his personality. In fact, parts of it could be read as a kind of a biography in disguise.

What Ambedkar suffered over a hundred years ago - he was born in 1891 - and fought all his life, incredibly remains the lot of nearly 400 million Indians living below the poverty line. Not surprisingly, half of that massive number is made up of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Hundreds of thousands of children - some of them surely as talented as Ambedkar - remain on the vermicular margins of society.

Why? The answer to that is blowing in the Hind. The rise of the Red Tide across substantive parts of India owes a great deal to promises not kept and deals not delivered. The fight for the land in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand between champions of development and its hapless victims puts paid to Ambedkar's secret dread that this is more a feral than a federal nation, and that its growth is skewed in the direction of exclusivity, not inclusivity. The appalling pockets of poverty of urban India and the out-of-sight-living-dead in its villages have no real explanation. Clearly, the people who were supposed to give the light have walked away with the fire.

How good is it to hear that India is the fourth largest economy after the US, China, and Japan when in absolute terms over 400 million Indians live a bestially primitive life? The reason why India's many achievements do not cohere into the assurance of a recognizable pattern is because there is always a four-year-old child splitting stones right outside your window.

The preamble seeks to establish what Mahatma Gandhi called the India of My Dreams: '… an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their country in whose making they have an effective voice…." Nice try, Sir, but the Republic is not listening. Else, 60 years would be enough to live your dream, not just gaze at it.

cp.surendran@timesgroup .com
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Blowin-in-the-Hind-/articleshow/5491534.cms

Apex court softens stand on Lucknow's Ambedkar park Little About (blog) - ‎55 minutes ago‎ ... Supreme Court Wednesday softened its stand on the Uttar Pradesh government building a memorial to Dalit leaders in Lucknow's sprawling Ambedkar park. ... The Hindu Blowin' in the Hind Times of India - ‎Jan 22, 2010‎ Two years after India 'adopted, enacted and gave' itself the Constitution that BR Ambedkar crafted with a pen flowing with the fairest of inks, ... Forgotten fathers of the Constitution Zee News Democratic journey The Hindu Ambedkar's Desiderata Outlook Legally India - IndiaGlitz all 38 news articles » Email this story Oneindia Protest rocks UP over damaged Ambedkar statue Oneindia - ‎Jan 24, 2010‎ Police officer RK Gautam said that on Monday, Jan 25, morning the statue of Ambedkar installed in Lathmar colony, was found with its right's hand missing ... Protest over damaged Ambedkar statue Press Trust of India Ambedkar Statue Damaged,Dalits Protest In Ghaziabad india-server.com Protests over damage to Ambedkar statue Hindustan Times all 15 news articles » Email this story The Hindu 'We haven't achieved the goals' Express Buzz - ‎14 hours ago‎ A weekly news magazine in its special issue on the occasion of our Republic turning 60, featured on its cover, a full-page photo of Dr BR Ambedkar, ... Karnataka judge accuses Executive of trying to corrupt Judiciary The Hindu Blogger Judge: 'Executive corrupting judiciary' Indian Express (blog) all 4 news articles » Email this story Streetsblog Capitol Hill (blog) Enrol as Games volunteers, bring out Delhi's caring face: CM Daily News & Analysis - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ It was a riot of colours in the Ambedkar Stadium here as children of various city schools presented cultural programmes bringing out the diversity of India ... Delhi CM promises cheaper food items Times of India Essential food items at cheaper rates in Delhi soon Thaindian.com Price rise issue: Sheila Dikshit summons cabinet Oneindia Press Trust of India - Streetsblog New York (blog) all 29 news articles » Email this story The Hindu Dalits see through Modi show Calcutta Telegraph - Basant Rawat - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ ... an oversized replica of the Constitution, in an attempt to showcase his respect for the statute and its best-known architect, Dalit icon BR Ambedkar. ... Giant replica of the Constitution taken out in procession The Hindu World honours Indian Constitution for its supremacy: Modi Zee News Giant-Sized Constitution Taken Out in Grand Procession Outlook MSN India - Merinews all 10 news articles » Email this story Oneindia The republic at 60 Livemint - ‎Jan 25, 2010‎ The challenges are the same that BR Ambedkar identified in a powerful and timeless speech in the Constituent Assembly, when he asked: "If we wish to ... Dr. Eugene D'Souza, Moodubelle Daijiworld.com 26th January 2010- India celebrates 61st Republic Day Bellevision all 510 news articles » Email this story Thaindian.com Dalit leaders to gherao parliament over Ambedkar memorial Daily News & Analysis - ‎Jan 15, 2010‎ "We have been seeking the same status for Baba Saheb Ambedkar's house in Alipur Road, where he breathed his last, as has been given to Rajghat, ... Dalit leaders demand Ambedkar memorial in Delhi Thaindian.com all 10 news articles » Email this story R-Day: Schools, colleges lead the way Times of India - ‎1 hour ago‎ A young student enacted the life and principles of BR Ambedkar. He highlighted the knowledge regarding Indian Constitution and gave the message of serving ... The Hindu Mayawati to raise force to protect statues The Hindu - ‎Jan 20, 2010‎ The new force will be designated to guard the Ambedkar Memorials at both Lucknow and Noida, besides the Luckow-based Kanshi Ram Memorial, ... Maya's latest: a force to protect her memorials Indian Express Army to protect Indian minister's statues Telegraph.co.uk all 21 news articles » Email this story Stay up to date on these results: Create an email alert for Ambedkar Add a custom section for Ambedkar to Google News Add a news gadget for Ambedkar to your Google homepage Search blogs for Ambedkar

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Constitution of India

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India This article is part of the series: Constitution of India

Preamble PARTS[show] Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ X ∙ XI  ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII SCHEDULES[show] First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth APPENDICES[show] I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V AMENDMENTS[show] 1 - 10 ∙ 11 - 20 ∙ 21 - 30 31 - 40 ∙ 41 - 50 ∙ 51 - 60 ∙ 61 - 70 71 - 80 ∙ 81 - 83

Politics of India[show] Union Government Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. Other countries ·  Law Portal  view • talk • edit

Constitution of India (Hindi: भारतीय संविधान, see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of the government and spells out the fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. Passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, it came into effect on January 26, 1950.^[1] The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the declaration of independence of 1930. It declares the Union of India to be a sovereign, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty and to promote among them all fraternity; the words "socialist", "secular" and "integrity" and to promote among them all "Fraternity"; were added to the definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment.^[2] India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on January 26 each year as Republic Day.^[3] It is the longest^[4] written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 395 articles in 22 parts, 14 schedules and 94 amendments^[5], for a total of 117,369 words in the English language version. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. After coming into effect, the Constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India. Being the supreme law of the country, every law enacted by the government must conform to the constitution. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, as chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, was the Chief Architect of Indian Constitution.

Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Evolution of the Constitution 2.1 Acts of British Parliament before 1935 2.2 Government of India Act 1935 2.3 The Cabinet Mission Plan 2.4 Indian Independence Act 1947 3 Constituent Assembly 3.1 Drafting 4 Structure 4.1 Parts 4.2 Schedules 5 System of government 5.1 Federal Structure 5.2 Parliamentary Democracy 5.3 Independent Judiciary 6 Changing the constitution 7 Judicial review of laws 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links

[edit] Background

Main article: Indian independence movement

Majority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on August 15, 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown.

[edit] Evolution of the Constitution

[edit] Acts of British Parliament before 1935

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament took over the reign of India from the British East India Company, and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India. It established in England the office of the Secretary of State for India through whom the Parliament would exercise its rule, along with a Council of India to aid him. It also established the office Governor-General of India along with an Executive Council in India, which consisted of high officials of the British Government.

The Indian Councils Act of 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. These acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, but it was limited in its powers. The Government of India Acts of 1909 and 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the government.

[edit] Government of India Act 1935

Main article: Government of India Act 1935

The provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935, though never implemented fully, had a great impact on the constitution of India. Many key features of the constitution are directly taken from this Act. The federal structure of government, provincial autonomy, bicameral legislature consisting of a federal assembly and a Council of States, separation of legislative powers between center and provinces are some of the provisions of the Act which are present in the Indian constitution.

[edit] The Cabinet Mission Plan

Main article: 1946 Cabinet Mission to India

In 1946, at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, a cabinet mission to India was formulated to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership and providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations.^[6][7] The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. The Constituent Assembly first met and began work on 9 December 1946.

[edit] Indian Independence Act 1947

Main article: Indian Independence Act 1947

The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on July 18, 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respective Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950, it overturned the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic.

[edit] Constituent Assembly

Main article: Constituent Assembly of India

The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies.^[8] Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad,Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and Nalini Ranjan Ghosh were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi and R. K. Sidhwa. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Sachidanand Sinha later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.^[8] The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9.^[8]

[edit] Drafting

In the August 14, 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees were presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on November 4, 1947.

The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution.^[3] After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on the January 24, 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands.

The Indian Constitution has undergone 94 amendments in less than 60 years of its enactments.

[edit] Structure

The Constitution, in its current form, consists of a preamble, 22 parts containing 448 articles, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and over 109 amendments to date. Although it is federal in nature with strong unitary bias, in case of emergencies it takes unitary structure.

[edit] Parts

Parts are the individual chapters in the Constitution, focused in single broad field of laws, containing articles that addresses the issues in question.

Preamble Part I[9] - Union and its Territory Part II[10] - Citizenship. Part III - Fundamental Rights Part IV[11] - Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties. Part V[12] - The Union. Part VI[13] - The States. Part VII[14] - States in the B part of the First schedule (Repealed). Part VIII[15] - The Union Territories Part IX[16] - Panchayat system and Municipalities. Part X - The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI - Relations between the Union and the States.

Part XII - Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits Part XIII - Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV - Services Under the Union, the States and Tribunals Part XV - Elections Part XVI - Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes. Part XVII - Languages Part XVIII - Emergency Provisions Part XIX - Miscellaneous Part XX - Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII - Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals Part XXIII - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXIV - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

[edit] Schedules

Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorizes and tabulates bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

• First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) — States and Union Territories  – This lists the states and territories on of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
• Second Schedule (Articles 59, 65, 75, 97, 125, 148, 158, 164, 186 and 221) — Emoluments for High-Level Officials  – This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Third Schedule (Articles 75, 99, 124, 148, 164, 188 and 219) — Forms of Oaths  – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
• Fourth Schedule (Articles 4 and 80)  – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
• Fifth Schedule (Article 244)  – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas^{[Note 1]} and Scheduled Tribes^{[Note 2]} (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
• Sixth Schedule (Articles 244 and 275)— Provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam.
• Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
• Eighth Schedule (Articles 344 and 351) — The official languages.
• Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) - This covers land and tenure reforms; the accession of Sikkim with India. It may be reviewed by the courts^[17].
• Tenth Schedule (Articles 102 and 191) — "Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
• Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) — Panchayat Raj (rural development).
• Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban planning).

[edit] System of government

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, was the Chief Architect of Indian Constitution.

The basic form of the Union Government envisaged in the Constitution was introduced by Dr. Ambedkar as follows,

"

A democratic executive must satisfy three conditions: 1. It must be a stable executive, and 2. It must be a responsible executive. 3. It must be impartial to all religion, caste and community. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to devise a system which can ensure both conditions in equal degree. ..... The daily assessment of responsibility, which is not available in the American system is, it is felt, far more effective than the periodic assessment and far more necessary in a country like India. The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to stability.[18]

"

[edit] Federal Structure

The constitution provides for separation of powers between the Union and the States.

It enumerates the powers of the Parliament and State Legislatures in three lists, namely Union list, State list and Concurrent list. Subjects like national defense, foreign policy, issuance of currency are reserved to the Union list. Public order, local governments, certain taxes are examples of subjects of the State List, on which the Parliament has no power to enact laws in those regards, barring exceptional conditions. Education, transportation, criminal law are a few subjects of the Concurrent list, where both the State Legislature as well as the Parliament have powers to enact laws. The residuary powers are vested with the Union.

The upper house of the Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, which consists of representatives of States, is also an example of the federal nature of the government.

[edit] Parliamentary Democracy

The President of India is elected by the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies, and not directly by the people. The President is the Head of the State, and all the business of the Executive and Laws enacted by the Parliament are in his/her name. However, these powers are only nominal, and the President must act only according to the advise of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers enjoy their offices only as long as they enjoy a majority support in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, which consists of members directly elected by the people. The ministers are answerable to both the houses of the Parliament. Also, the Ministers must themselves be elected members of either house of the Parliament. Thus, the Parliament exercises control over the Executive.

A similar structure is present in States, where the directly elected Legislative Assembly enjoys control over the Chief Minister and the State Council of Ministers.

[edit] Independent Judiciary

The Judiciary of India is free of control from either the executive or the Parliament. The judiciary acts as an interpreter of the constitution, and an intermediary in case of disputes between two States, or between a State and the Union. An act passed by the Parliament or a Legislative Assembly is subject to judicial review, and can be declared unconstitutional by the judiciary if it feels that the act violates some provision of the Constitution.

Constitutional remedy against any action of the government is available in a High Court or the Supreme Court, if the action violates any of the fundamental rights of an individual as enumerated in the Constitution.

[edit] Changing the constitution

Main article: Amendment of the Constitution of India

Amendments to the constitution are made by Parliament. However they must be approved by a super-majority in each house, and certain amendments must also be ratified by the states. The procedure is laid out in Article 368. Despite these rules there have been over ninety amendments to the constitution since it was enacted in 1950. The Supreme Court has ruled, controversially, that not every constitutional amendment is permissable. An amendment must respect the "basic structure" of the constitution, which is immutable.

In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC)^[19] was setup to look into updating the constitution of India.

[edit] Judicial review of laws

This section requires expansion.

Judicial review is actually adopted in the Indian constitution from the constitution of the United States of America. In the Indian constitution, Judicial Review is dealt under Article 13. Judicial Review actually refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 deals that

1. All pre-constitutional laws, after the coming into force of constitution, if in conflict with it in all or some of its provisions then the provisions of constitution will prevail and the provisions of that pre-constitutional law will not be in force until an amendment of the constitution relating to the same matter. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Theory of Eclipse.

2. In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void-ab-initio.

In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws as if they are in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 124, 131, 219, 226 and 246 provide a constitutional bases to the Judicial review in India.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally, usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe.
2. ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identified in the Constitution, struggling socio-economically

[edit] See also

• History of democracy
• List of national constitutions
• Magna Carta
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Uniform civil code of India

[edit] References

1. ^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. July 29, 2008. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 
2. ^ "Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution". Ministry of Law and Justice of fishys. August 28, 1976. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Das, Hari (2002). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. pp. 120. ISBN 8174886907. 
4. ^ Pylee, M.V. (1997). India's Constitution. S. Chand & Co.. pp. 3. ISBN 812190403X. 
5. ^ "Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. July, 2008. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
6. ^ Mansergh, Nicholas; Moon, Penderel (1977). The Transfer of Power 1942-7 .. Vol VII. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. ISBN 9780115800825. 
7. ^ "Parliamentary Archives: HL/PO/1/595/11". Parliament and India, 1858-1947. British Parliamentary Archives. http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/indian_independence.cfm. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
8. ^ ^{a b c} "The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24th January ,1950)". The Parliament of India Archive. http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22. 
9. ^ Part I
10. ^ Part II
11. ^ Part IV
12. ^ Part V
13. ^ Part VI
14. ^ Part VII
15. ^ Part VIII
16. ^ Part IX
17. ^ http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/11indira.htm
18. ^ Ahir, D.C. (1990). The legacy of Dr Ambedkar (10^th ed.). South Asia Books. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-8170186038. 
19. ^ http://ncrwc.nic.in/

[edit] Bibliography

• Baruah, Aparajita (2007). Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 9788176299960. 
• Basu, Durga Das (1965). Commentary on the constitution of India : (being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India). 1 - 2. S. C. Sarkar & Sons (Private) Ltd. 
• Basu, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the Constitution of India (10^th ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 0836410971. 
• Basu, Durga Das (1981). Shorter Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall of India. ISBN 9780876922002. 
• Das, Hari Hara (2002). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 8174886907. 
• Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1968). The Constitution of India; a Comparative Study. Chaitanya Pub. House. 
• Ghosh, Pratap Kumar (1966). The Constitution of India: How it Has Been Framed. World Press. 
• Jayapalan, N. (1998). Constitutional History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 8171567614. 
• Khanna, Hans Raj (1981). Making of India's Constitution. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 9788170121084. 
• Basu, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the Constitution of India (10^th ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 0836410971. 
• Pylee, M.V. (1997). India's Constitution. S. Chand & Co.. ISBN 812190403X. 
• Pylee, M.V. (2004). Constitutional Government in India. S. Chand & Co.. ISBN 8121922038. 
• Sen, Sarbani (2007). The Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195686494. 
• Sharma, Dinesh; Singh, Jaya; Maganathan, R.; et al. (2002). Indian Constitution at Work. Political Science, Class XI. NCERT. 
• "The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24th January ,1950)". The Parliament of India Archive. http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22. 

[edit] External links

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• Ministry of Law and Justice of India - The Constitution of India Page
• Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008
• Constitutional predilections
• Commonwealth Legal Information Institute - Online Copy
• Online version of Constitution of India, 1949

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