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Telangana Rebellion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Telangana Rebellion was a Communist led peasant revolt that took place in the former princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951. This was led by the Communist Party of India.

The revolt began in the Nalgonda district and quickly spread to the Warangal and Bidar district. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the Nizam and the local feudal landlords (jagirdars and deshmukhs) who were the loyals of the Nizam. The initial modest aims were to do away with the illegal and excessive exploitation meted out by these feudal lords in the name of bonded labour. The most strident demand was for the writing off of all debts of the peasants that were manipulated by the feudal lords.

At the same time the Nizam was resisting the Indian government's efforts to bring the Hyderabad state into the Indian Union. The government sent the army in September 1948 to annex the Hyderabad state into Indian Union.
The Communist party instigated the peasants to use guerrilla tactics and around 3000 villages (about 41000 sq. kilometres) came under peasant-rule. The landlords were either killed or driven out and the land was redistributed. These victorious villages established communes reminiscent of Soviet mir (social)s to administer their region. These community governments were integrated regionally into a central organization. The rebellion was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha. Few among the well-known individuals at the forefront of the movement were great leaders like P Sundarayya, Chandra Rajeswara Rao, Raavi Narayana Reddy, the Urdu poet Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Hassan Nasir, Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy, Mallu Venkata Narasimha Reddy , Mallu Swarajyam , Arutla ramchandra Reddy and his wife Arutla Kamala bai. The violent phase of the movement ended in 1951 after the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1949. This was the time when Razzakar Movement was started by Nizams, which was very violent and was also responsible for forcable conversions of religion. The Telgana Movement is still on full mode as people still want a state for the region of Telangana. Even today this is a major of all political parties of Andhra Pradesh, especially TRS. The Leader of TRS party is still on Hunger strike, from 29th November 2009 and people are supporting him.On 9th December 2009, the central govt has decided, in principle ,to finally award statehood to the Telengana people and Shri Rao has broken his fast the same night.
Contents
[hide]

1 Consequences
2 In popular culture
3 References

4 See also
[edit] Consequences

The rebellion and the subsequent police action lead to the liberation of Hyderabad state from the Nizam's rule on 17 September 1948 and the dominion was merged into Indian Union eventually. Elections of 1952 led to the victory of Congress party in Hyderabad state. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was first chief minister of the Hyderabad state from 1952 to 1956 when the region was merged with the Andhra state to form present day Andhra Pradesh State.

[edit] In popular culture
Krishan Chander's famous Hindi/Urdu novella Jab Khet Jage was based on the Telangana Rebellion. Film-maker Gautam Ghose gained acclaim 1979 when he used the story as the basis for his first feature film, the Telugu language Ma Bhoomi.

Bandenka Bandi Katti is a famous song of the rebellion, written by Suddala Hanmanthu (Father of Suddala Ashok Teja, National award winner), and was known more as Bandi Hanmanthu

[edit] References

Elliot, Carolyn M. (November 1974). "Decline of a Patrimonial Regime: The Telengana Rebellion in India, 1946-51". Journal of Asian Studies 34 (1): 24–47. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15377979/Decline-of-a-Patrimonial-Regime-The-Telengana-Rebellion-in-India-194651.

Sanghatana, Stree Shakti (1989). We Were Making History: Life Stories of Women in the Telangana People's Struggle. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0862326796.

Puchalapalli, Sundarayya (February 1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting". Social Scientist 1 (7): 3-19. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15379761/Telangana-Peoples-Armed-Struggle-19461951-Part-One-Historical-Setting.

Puchalapalli, Sundarayya (March 1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part Two: First Phase and Its Lessons". Social Scientist 1 (8): 18-42. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15380676/Telangana-Peoples-Armed-Struggle-19461951-Part-Two-First-Phase-and-Its-Lessons.

Puchalapalli, Sundarayya (April 1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-51. Part Three: Pitted against the Indian Army". Social Scientist 1 (9): 23-46. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15381749/Telangana-Peoples-Armed-Struggle-194651-Part-Three-Pitted-against-the-Indian-Army.

Arutla, Ramachandra Reddy. Telangana Struggle Memoirs,(New Delhi: 1984). people s publishing house. ISBN 03987-2723 http://books.rediff.com/bookshop/bkproductdisplay.jsp.

Thirumali, Inukonda (2003). Against Dora and Nizam : People's Movement in Telangana. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN 8173915792.

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News results for History of Telangana

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Gorkhaland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Gorkhaland (Nepali: गोर्खाल्याण्ड) is the name given to the area around Darjeeling and the Duars in north West Bengal in India. Residents of the area, mostly Nepali speaking Gorkhas have long sought a separate state for themselves to improve their socio-economic conditions and to preserve the identities of the non-Bengali majority in the area who form a minority in the whole of Bengal.

[hide]

[edit] History

[edit] Pre-British Era

Historically, Darjeeling and its surrounding terai areas formed a part of the then Kirat kingdom called Bijaypur. After the disintegration of the Bijaypur kingdom, it annexed with Sikkim and Bhutan.

[edit] British Era

After the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1815), the Treaty of Sugauli was signed between Nepal and the East India Company. Darjeeling was taken from Nepal by the British and returned to the Sikkimese after the Treaty of Titaliya. In 1835, Col Lloyd became the representative of East India Company for Darjeeling. During his tenure Darjeeling was leased by the British Indian Empire from the Maharajah of Sikkim for an annual amount of Rs 3000 ^[1] . However the original map of Darjeeling came into existence only after the induction of Kalimpong and Duars area after the Anglo-Bhutanese war of 1864 (Treaty of Sinchula). Darjeeling as we know of today was organized in 1866. The term Gorkha is used by the people of Darjeeling to separate themselves from the Nepalese (citizens of Nepal). The term Gorkha encompasses all the three original inhabitants of the Darjeeling Hills viz: Nepali, Lepcha and Bhutia^[2].

Coining the term 'Gorkhaness', an expatriate scholar from Kalimpong now living in London, writes convincingly in his introduction to the book Gorkhas Imagined (2009) about the word's changing resonances. Professor Prem Poddar considers the vital distinction between the Gorkhas in Nepal and the the Gorkhas in India: "The word 'Gorkha' (or the neologism 'Gorkhaness') as a self-descriptive term ... has gained currency as a marker of difference for Nepalis living in India as opposed to their brethren and sistren in Nepal. Gorkhaliness then becomes synonymous with Indian Nepaleseness but invests only degrees of differential commonalities with Nepali Nepaliness and diasporic Nepaliness. While this counters the irredentism of a Greater Nepal thesis, it cannot completely exorcise the spectres or temptations of an ethnic absolutism for diasporic subjects."^[3]

By the start of the twentieth century, Gorkhas made socio-economic advance through government service, and a small fraction developed among them as literate people. Following this in 1907, the first ever demand for a separate administrative setup for the District of Darjeeling was placed before the British government by the leaders of the hill people. Their main reason for doing so was to assert their identity, which was entirely different and separate from those who lived in the plains. In 1917 the Hillmen's Association came into being and petitioned for the administrative separation of Darjeeling in 1917 and again in 1930 and 1934. In 1923 the Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League (All India Gorkha League) was formed at Dehradun.It soon spread to Darjeeling. On 15 May 1943, All India Gorkha League came into existence in Darjeeling^[2].

[edit] Late British and India

On 19 December 1946, the Gorka League's heart and soul, D.S. Gurung even made a plea in the Constitution Hall before the Constituent Assembly for recognition of Gorkhas as a minority community "Sir, the demand of the Gurkhas is that they must be recognized as a minority community and that they must have adequate representation in the Advisory Committee that is going to be formed. When the Anglo-Indians with only 1 lakh 42 thousand population have been recognized as a minority community, and Scheduled Castes among the Hindus have been recognized as a separate community, I do not see any reason why Gurkhas with 30 lakhs population should not be recognized as such."

Leaders within the league's ranks such as Randhir Subba were not satisfied with this meagre request. Soon after the death of D.S. Gurung, Randhir Subba raised the demand for a separate state within the framework of the Indian Constitution called Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand could be composed one of the following ways.

1. Darjeeling district only or
2. Darjeeling district and Sikkim only or
3. Darjeeling district, Sikkim, Jalpaiguri, Dooars and Coochbehar or
4. Darjeeling district, Jalpaiguri and Coochbehar

Initially Randhir Subba was in favor of a militant movement, but this option never gained momentum as its leaders were mobilized to other purposes by apt politicians of the central government and leaders of the West Bengal government.

On April 6, 1947 two Gorkhas, Ganeshlal Subba and Ratanlal Brahmin, members of the undivided CPI (Communist Party of India) submitted a quixotic memorandum to Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Vice President of the Interim Government for the creation of Gorkhasthan – an independent country comprising of the present day Nepal, Darjeeling District and Sikkim (excluding its present North District) in the line of Pakistan.

During the 1940s, the Communist Party of India (CPI) organized Gorkha tea workers. In presentations to the States Reorganisation Commission in 1954, the CPI favored regional autonomy for Darjeeling within West Bengal, with recognition of Nepali as a Scheduled Language. The All India Gorkha League preferred making the area a union territory under the Central government.

Then during the 80s Subash Ghising raised the demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland to be carved out of the hills of Darjeeling and areas of Dooars and Siliguri Terai contigious to Darjeeling, with a large population of ethnic Gorkhas. The Gorkhaland movement took a violent turn in the 1980s when Subash Ghishing lead Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) issued a violent demand for statehood, which lead to the death of over 1200 people. This movement culminated with the formation of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) in 1988. Over the years the state government allowed a free rein to Subash Ghishing and GNLF. The West Bengal government did not seek to control the DGHC as long as the demand for Gorkhaland was not brought up again.

After 20 years of GNLF rule the people of Darjeeling revolted against the tyranny, atrocities, high handedness and corruption of the GNLF and prevented Subash Ghishing from entering the Darjeeling hills. It was common knowledge that Subhash Ghising was close to senile as evident by his speeches at GNLF party congregations where he talked about the indigenous bougainvillea flower should be called "Gunakeshari" and the flower was a panacea for almost all diseases from common cold to diseases like AIDS! Apart from that he was always accompanied by his personal "witch woman" who would give him the precise locations where he should erect a temple. One incident being he declared a big boulder lying on the side of a road in near Mirik as a rock from outer space, and ordered all of his "followers" to build a temple around it and to worship it. It Since then the people of Darjeeling and Doors have reignited their fight for right to self assertion and development of the region by demanding the formation of Gorkhaland.

[edit] Recent Developments

Since late 2007 the demand for a separate state within the Indian Union has been started more intensely by the Gorkha leader Mr. Bimal Gurung, under the newly formed party called Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJMM) ^[4]. This movement has vowed to create a separate state by 2010 ^[5]. He has called for a more non-violent form of protest by refusing to pay state taxes to the government including electricity and phone bills. People have resorted to changing vehicle numbers from WB (West Bengal) to GL (signifying Gorkhaland).

The administrative machinery in the hills of Darjeeling seems to have broken down, with most of the Government offices non-functional, and even the police unable to maintain law and order in the district. The scene became particularly violent when a female GJMM supporter was allegedly shot dead by GNLF supporters during a protest. Rioting followed. The situation became normal after GJMM leaders called for restraint. The central and the West Bengal governments have called for a tripartite meeting with the GJMM leaders to resolve the issue, although breakthrough seems unlikely as both the GJMM leaders as well as the West Bengal government are taking a hard line. The former has refused to consider anything less than Gorkhaland while the later has been adamant in claiming that they would not allow further division of Bengal.

Activities for support of Gorkhaland has also been seen in areas outside Gorkhaland. The mainstream parties of Sikkim have openly supported the Gorkhaland movement and pledged solidarity ^[6] .

[edit] 2009 BJP's support for Gorkhaland

Ahead of the 2009 General Elections in India. The BJP again announced their policy of having smaller states and will create 2 more states Telangana and Gorkhaland if they win the general election. During the recent budget session (July 2009) of Parliament, three veteran Parliamentarians; Rajiv Pratap Rudi, Sushma Swaraj and Jaswant Singh have strongly pleaded for Gorkhaland.^[7] They also said that smaller states are better governed and developed.

[edit] References

^ Counterpunch
^ ^a ^b Khawas
^ Gorkhas Imagined: I.B. Rai in Translation, Eds. Poddar, Prem and Anmole Prasad, Mukti Prakashan, 2009.
^ Darjeeling Times: Call for Gorkhaland renewed (October 07,2007)
^ NDTV report: Gorkhas pray for Gorkhaland by 2010 (July 09, 2008)
^ id=NEWEN20080054650&ch=633590176293802500 NDTV NDTV report: Sikkim parties support Gorkhaland (June 27, 2008)
^ The Hindu article on BJP's desire to create smaller states

[edit] Further reading

Caste, Ethnicity, State and Development: A Case study of Gorkhaland Movement: Prof. Tanka Bahadur Subba
Gorkhas Imagined: I.B. Rai in Translation, Eds. Prem Poddar and Anmole Prasad, Mukti Prakashan, 2009.
A brief History of Kirant Period: Prof. Iman Singh Chemzong
Ganguly, Rajat (January 2005). "Poverty, Malgovernance and Ethnopolitical Mobilization: Gorkha Nationalism and the Gorkhaland Agitation in India". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 11 (4): 467–502. doi:10.1080/13537110500379286.

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Aspirant states of India

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland"

Categories: Proposed states and union territories in India | Wikipedia requested maps in India

Telangana

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Location of Telangana region

Telangana or Telingana or Telengana (Telugu: తెలంగాణ) is a region in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The name means "land of Telugus". It corresponds to the Telugu speaking part of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad. The region lies on the Deccan plateau to the west of the Eastern Ghats range, and includes the northwestern interior districts of Warangal, Adilabad, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Rangareddy, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Medak, and the state capital, Hyderabad. The Krishna and Godavari rivers flow through the region from west to east.

On 9 December 2009, Indian Home Minister P. Chidambaram stated that the "process of separation of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh will be initiated soon". This statement was released on behalf of the Government of India.

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History

Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh

The Telengana region was the heart of numerous dynasties. Chowmahalla Palace was home to the Nizams of Hyderabad state

The Telangana region was mentioned in the Mahabharata as the Telinga Kingdom^[1] which said to be inhabited by the tribe known as Telavana and said to have fought on the Pandava side in the great war of Mahabharata. It is also evident from the fact that there is Pandavula Guhalu in Warangal district (where the Pandavas spent their life in exile (Lakkha Gruham)).

And, in Treta yuga, it is believed that Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, spent their life in exile at Parnashala on the banks of Godavari river which is about 25 km from Bhadrachalam in Khammam District of Telangana.

Telangana region has been heartland for many great dynasties like Sathavahanas, Kakatiyas. In fact, Kotilingala in Karimnagar is the first Capital of the Sathavahanas before shifting to Dharanikota. Excavations at Kotilingala revealed this fact and coinage of Simukha, Satavahana emperor found. Telangana came under Muslim rule in 14th century for the first time by Delhi Sultanate followed by Bahmanis, Qutb Shahis and Mughals. As the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate in the early 18th century, the Muslim Asafjahi dynasty established a separate state known as Hyderabad. Later Hyderabad entered into a treaty of subsidiary alliance with the British Empire, and was the largest and most populous princely state in India. Telangana was never under direct British rule, unlike Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, which were part of British India's Madras Presidency.

Post-independence history

India became independent from the British Empire in 1947. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain his independence, but the Indian Government amalgamated his state of Hyderabad by force on September 17, 1948 after the successful execution of Operation Polo by the Indian Army. When India became independent, the Telugu-speaking people were distributed in about 22 districts; 9 of them in the Telangana region of Nizam's Dominions (Hyderabad State), 12 in the Madras Presidency and one in French-controlled Yanam. A Communist led peasant revolt started in 1946, lasted until 1951. Meanwhile, Telugu speaking areas were carved out of an erstwhile Madras state by popular agitation by the leaders like Potti Sri Ramulu to create Andhra state in 1953.^{[citation needed]}

Merger of Telangana and Andhra

In December 1953, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganization Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. This was headed by Justice Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission. The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as Home Minister from December 1954. The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states.

The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) was not in favour of merging the Telangana region with the then Andhra state. Para 382 of States Reorganization Commission Report (SRC) said "..opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favour of the larger unit, public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallize itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to take a decision about their future...". The concerns of Telanganas were manifold . The region had a less developed economy than Andhra, but with a larger revenue base (mostly because it taxed rather than prohibited alcoholic beverages), which Telanganas feared might be diverted for use in Andhra. They also feared that planned dam projects on the Krishna and Godavari rivers would not benefit Telangana proportionately even though Telanganas controlled the headwaters of the rivers. Telanganas feared too that the people of Andhra would have the advantage in jobs, particularly in government and education. Para 386 of States Reorganization Commission Report (SRC) said "After taking all these factors into consideration we have come to the conclusions that it will be in the interests of Andhra as well as Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as the Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two thirds majority the legislature of the residency Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of such unification."

The central government decided to ignore the SRC recommendations and established unified Andhra Pradesh on November 1, 1956. However, a "Gentlemen's agreement" provided reassurances to the Telangana people as well to Andhra people in terms of power sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions. This agreement is known as Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956).

Separate Telangana state movement

1969 Movement

In the following years after the formation of Andhra Pradesh state, however, the Telangana people had a number of complaints about how the agreements and guarantees were implemented. Discontent with the 1956 Gentleman's agreement intensified in January 1969 when the guarantees that had been agreed on were supposed to lapse. Student agitation for the continuation of the agreement began at Osmania University in Hyderabad and spread to other parts of the region. Government employees and opposition members of the state legislative assembly swiftly threatened "direct action" in support of the students. This movement, also known as Telangana movement, led to widespread violence and deaths of hundreds of people and students of this Telangana region. Approximately 360 students gave their lives in this movement.^[2]

Although the Congress faced dissension within its ranks, its leadership stood against additional linguistic states, which were regarded as "anti-national." As a result, defectors from the Congress, led by M. Chenna Reddy, founded the Telangana People's Association (Telangana Praja Samithi). Despite electoral successes, however, some of the new party leaders gave up their agitation in September 1971 and, much to the disgust of many separatists, rejoined the safer political haven of the Congress ranks.^[3]

In 1969, when the Hindi blockbuster Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke was released, Telangana people could be seen carrying posters with the slogan "Aya Telangana Jhoom Ke" [Telangana would come up with great fanfare].

Movement in 1990-2004

The emotions and forces generated by the movement were not strong enough, however, for a continuing drive for a separate state until 1990s when Bharatiya Janata Party, promised a separate Telangana state if they came to power. But the BJP could not create a separate Telangana state because of the opposition from its coalition partner, Telugu Desam Party. These developments brought new life into the separatist Telangana movement by year 2000. Congress party MLAs from the Telangana region, supported a separate Telangana state and formed the Telangana Congress Legislators Forum.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] In another development, a new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi (or TRS) was formed with the single point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state, with Hyderabad as its capital lead by Kalvakuntla Chandrasekhar Rao popularily known as KCR.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Proponents of a separate Telangana state feel.. all the agreements, accords, formulas, plans and assurances on the floor of legislature and Lok Sabha, in last 50+ years, could not be honoured and Telangana was forced to remain neglected, exploited and backward. The experiment to remain as one State proved to be a futile exercise and therefore, separation is found to be the best solution.^[12]^[13]^[14]

2004 and later

Flag of TRS

In 2004, for Assembly and Parliament elections, the Congress party and the TRS had an electoral alliance in the Telangana region with the promise of a separate Telangana State.^[15] Congress came to power in the state and formed a coalition government at the centre. TRS joined the coalition government in 2004 and was successful in making a separate Telangana state a part of the common minimum program (CMP) of the coalition government.^[16] In September 2006 TRS withdrew support for the Congress led coalition government at the centre on the grounds of indecision by the government over the delivery of its electoral promise to create Telangana.^[17]^[18]^[19]

In December 2006, the TRS won the by-election to the Karimnagar parliamentary constituency with a record margin.^[20]

There was pressure on the Congress party to create a Telangana state in 2008.^[21]^[22]^[23]

All TRS legislators in Parliament and in State (4MPs, 16MLAs, 3MLCs) resigned in the 1st week of March 2008 and forced by-elections to increase the pressure on Congress party, and to intensify the movement.^[24]^[25]

By-elections for the 16 MLA seats, 4 MP seats were held May 29, 2008. During the election campaign the TRS party said it is a referendum on a Telangana state but both Congress and TDP parties said it is not a referendum on Telangana and also said that they are not opposed to the formation of Telangana state.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] To the disappointment of Telangana proponents TRS retained only 7 out of 16 MLA seats and 2 out of 4 MP seats after the by-elections.^[36]

In June 2008, Devender Goud, who is considered number two in the TDP, a politbureau member and Deputy Leader of the Telugu Desam Legislature Party, resigned from the party saying he would devote his time and energy to the formation of a separate Telangana state.^[37] In July 2008, Mr Goud along with some other leaders like Mr. E Peddi Reddy formed a new party called Nava Telangana Praja Party.^[38]

On 9 October 2008, in a historical turnaround from its 26-year history TDP announced its support for the creation of Telengana.^[39]

Symbolic declaration of statehood

The Nava Telangana Party, led by the former home minister of Andhra Pradesh, T Devender Goud, declared Telangana as a separate province within India on November 2, 2008. Konda Laxman Bapuji announced that "We solemnly declare statehood for Telangana on November 2, 2008." Goud released ten pigeons in the air symbolising the ten districts of the region, while he also unfurled the national flag on the occasion. Along with his party activists he was later arrested when they tried to barge into the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat to change the name plate -— from Andhra Pradesh to Telangana. A scuffle then followed between the police and the NTP workers before the party workers were taken to the Chikkadapalli police station. Other NTP workers soon descended on the scene and staged a dharna to protest against the arrest.^[40]

2009 and later

Ahead of the 2009 General Elections in India all the major parties in Andhra Pradesh supported Telangana state.^[41]

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) again announced their policy of having smaller states and will create 2 more states Telangana and Gorkhaland if they win the election.^[42] When the BJP was last in power, they created Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarkhand. They suggest smaller states create more competition for investment and are better governed.

Congress Party still says it is committed to Telangana statehood.^[43] But it did not create any new states during its rule over the last 5 years, nor did it have a convincing answer to why it could not create Telangana state.^[44] Also it claims Muslim minorities are opposed to creation of separate state along with majority people...^[45]^[46]

Telugu Desam Party(TDP) promised to work for Telangana statehood. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) joined a Mahakutami(or grand alliance) with TDP and left parties to defeat congress party for denying statehood for Telangana.^[47]^[48]^[49]

Praja Rajyam Party(PRP), newly founded by film star Chiranjeevi, too supports Telangana statehood. Nava Telangana Party merged with PRP after it realized that there is not enough political space for two sub-regional Telangana parties with Telananga statehood as main agenda.^[50]^[51]

Several political parties, including some Telangana congress leaders, criticized Chief Minister, Y.S. Rajasekahr Reddy (YSR), when he changed his stand from pro-Telangana and gave anti-Telangana statements after the polls.^[52]^[53]^[54]

Congress returned to power both at center and state. TRS and the grand alliance lost the elections in overwhelming fashion.^[55]

In the first week of Dec 2009, the TRS president, K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) started a fast-unto-death demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in the Parliament.^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60] Student organizations, employee unions and various organizations joined the movement.^[61]^[62] ^[63]^[64] The decline of KCR's health has contributed to a sense of urgency for the central government to take a decision on the issue of Telangana statehood. ^[65] On Dec 9th 2009, 11:30 PM, Mr. P. Chidambaram, Union Minister of Home Affairs, on behalf of the Government of India announced that a resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly for the creation of a separate Telangana state will be passed. Mr. Chidambaram also informed that process for the formation of a separate Telangana state will be initiated soon. KCR ending his 11 day fast said from his hospital bed that this a true victory of the people of Telangana.. ^[66].

On December 10, 2009, Indian government has agreed to start the process of forming a separate Telangana.^[67] Central government asked Andhra Pradesh state government to pass of a resolution in the legislative assembly(As per article 3 of Constitution Parliament does not require assembly resolution to create a new state. Its mere formality).^[68]

Several members of Andhra Pradesh's legislature submitted their resignations to protest the creation of the new state.^[69]

Geography

Telangana region marked in white within the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Of the three regions of the state, Telangana has the largest area, with 1,14,800 km² yet much of the land is arid and not nearly as fertile as the agriculturally rich coastal region. The Telangana plateau is drained by two major rivers, theGodavari and the Krishna. The entire region is divided into two main regions namely ghats and peneplains. The surface is dotted with low depressions.

Irrigation

Telangana region Andhra Pradesh is situated in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. Deccan plateau is situated at a high altitude in an up-land area. The river Godavari is flowing on the North and the river Krishna is flowing on the South. Apart from the major rivers, there are other small rivers such as Bhima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Praanahita, and Peddavagu and Taliperu.

Culture and Identity

Hyderabadi biryani

Centuries of independent existence has given Telangana its own distinctive culture and identity. The Telugu language spoken here has evolved into a new dialect with a liberal mixture of words from Urdu and Marathi. Festivals: Diwali, Dassera, Eid-ul-Fitr and Ugadi are prominent festivals in Telangana. The region celebrates distinctive festivals like Bathukamma, and Bonalu. The other festivals, such as, Deepawali, Holi, Moharram and Vinayaka chaturthi are also celebrated with equal enthusiasm as in northern India. The national festival Sankranti is also celebrated in the beginning of harvest season on 14 January every year.

Places of interest

Golkonda fort overlooking Hyderabad

Osman Sagar, Gandipet Lake

Hyderabad
1. Charminar - the iconic 400 year-old landmark of Hyderabad, featuring four graceful minarets.
2. Falaknuma Palace - Built by Nawab Viqar al-Umra', a beautiful and stunning piece of architecture.
3. Golconda Fort - located on the outskirts of the city, Golconda Fort is one of the most magnificent fortress complexes in India.
4. Salar Jung Museum - houses the largest one-man collection of antiques in the world.
5. Makkah Masjid - a stone-built mosque, one of the largest in India, located next to the Charminar.
6. Birla Mandir - An elaborate white marble temple with majestic views of the city and the Husain Sagar (lake).
7. Birla Planetarium - located in the heart of the city on the panoramic hillock of Nawbat Pahad.
8. Husain Sagar - man-made lake that separates the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
9. Durgam Cheruvu - A beautiful lake near HI-TEC city.
10. Chilkur Balaji Temple, also known as Visa Balaji Temple
11. Osman Sagar, also known as Gandipet, is a lake near the city.
12. Purani Haveli - The former official residence of the Nizam.
13. Sanghi Temple - A temple dedicated to Venkateshwara which graces a promontory overlooking Sanghi Nagar.
14. Mahankali Temple - A temple located near Secunderabad Railway station, Famous for Bonalu Fest in Hyderabad.
15. Snow World - An amusement park which enables citizens of this tropical city to experience very low temperatures and snow
16. Madhapur - Home to the IT world of Hyderabad.
Nagarjuna sagar on krishna river in Nalgonda district
Sreeramsagar project on Godavari river in Nizamabad district
Beechupally (Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple)
Alampoor (one of the eighteen shaktipeetams)
Warangal, capital city of Kakatiyas
Warangal Fort, Built by Kakatiyas between 11-12th centuries
Warangal - Bhadrakali Temple, and Thousand Pillared Temples, These two temples built by Kakatiyas are visited by People from all over AP
Warangal - Ramappa Temple, Famous for its brilliant Kakatiya art
Warangal - Pakhal Lake, A man-made lake built in 1213 by the Kakatiya king, Ganapathideva, by harnessing a small tributary of the Krishna River. It is located 50 km from Warangal and spreads over an area of 30 km.
Basara Saraswathi Temple, a temple of Saraswati, one of the two temples in India Temple Web site
National forests and Wildlife Sanctuaries: Pakhala, Eturunagaram, Pranahitha, Kinnerasani, kawal, Pocharam
Anathagiri Forest - Famous for Sri Anantha Padmanabha Swamy located on Ananthagiri Hills Temple website (Vikarabad - 70 km from Hyderabad)
Medak: Famous for out standing church & Medak khila
Pillala Marri: A big tree which is spread across 5 acres in Mahaboob Nagar district
Bhadrachalam: Famous for Lord Rama Temple
Yadagirigutta: Famous Laxmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, 50 km from Hyderabad (Wgl-Hyd highway)
Kaleshwaram : 130 km from Karimnagar
Dharmapuri : On the banks of River Godavari, 78 km from Karimnagar, is the 15th century temple town of Dharmapuri.
Nagunur Fort : The village of Nagunur is just about 8 km from Karimnagar Town.
Dhulikatta : 20 km from Karimnagar is Dhulikatta an important Buddhist spot visited by monks from all over the world.
Kondagattu :About 35 km from Karimnagar is this breathtaking temple of Lord Anjaneya Swamy. Apart from the temple, the fort of Kondalaraya & Bojjapotana caves are worth seeing at Kondagattu.
Molangoor Quilla : 30 km from Karimnagar, strategically located on summit of a big isolated granite hill, this fort was built by the Kakathiyas.
Manthani : is an extremely ancient center for Vedic teachings. It is located on the banks of River Godavari, and at a distance of 70 kilometers from Karimnagar.
Vemulawada - Rajarajeshawara Temple: Located 38 km from Karimnagar
Uma Maheshwaram - About 120 km from Hyderabad on Srisailam highway. It is the North Entrance for Sri Sailam Mallikarjuna swamy temple. It is famous for its shiva temple.
Gadwal Fort, Gadwal is built around a fort built by the Gadwal ruler somanadri