aligned with USA. US has been INSISTING to Open Up Indian Market more and more! Hence, Reforms are the Topmost Priorities. US sponsored Pro Democratic Movement ARAB Spring is closely associated with US Economy. In the same manner, Anna Anti Corruption Campaign is NOTHING But Corporate Lobbying for Reforms and Ethnic Cleansing. India Incs, Media, NGO and Civil Society altogether defend the US interest. US is pressing for Haripur Atomic Power Plant and Mamata Bannerjee has SCRAPPED the Project. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had to visit Kolkata to plead for the project. Such is the Urgency! The Indian Spring is meant to pressurise the UPA with showcasing NDA Option, and Hindutva forces led by RSS support the Campaign which wants to change the Constitution to kill Constitutional Safeguards! The Relaunched Ant Reservation Movement with Brand Anna and Brand Equity Anti Corruption campaign thus mobilises Caste Hindu market dominating communities along with the Creamy Layer and Co Opted!This is also an EXCELLENT Mind Control game to Black out the Parliamentary Procedure to pass Reform Bills and Policy Making and Governance thanks to Foreign Investment fed Brahaminical Media. Last year, NGOs were allocated 50 thousand crores! In the last Decade 5.6 lac Crores. This has become greatest avenue for money laundering as 33 lacs NGOs are active today. The team Anna members Kiran Bedi, Kejrival, Sandeep Pandey and Agnivesh, everyone is associated with NGOs. The Telegraph has published a story on front page today Exposing the US agency PROMOTING Indian Spring and the agency is the SAME, which managed PR for ARAB Spring!Manmohan has all set to strike a DEAL to save his government or NDA has to take over soon or later! This is ALL is WELL situation for AMERICA and the Brahamical Hegemony as well!Anna team is screaming SECOND REVOLUTION! Just remeber the JP Call for Total Revolution!That movement heralded Neo Liberal LPG Mafia Rule and this Movemet would cause Mass Destruction! Just Be aware!
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time - SEVEN HUNDRED FOURTEEN
Palash Biswas
http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
http://basantipurtimes.blogspot.com
I have been writing that US War Economy and Dollar Hegemony, both are on the verge of Bankruptcy! Hence the US Survival strategy is focsed on Emerging Markets particularly India and China! China is Not a easy NUT to be crunched.
But India has linked its Economy with US Destiny and the Ruling Brahaminical hegemony is Strategically all
aligned with USA.
US has been INSISTING to Open Up Indian Market more and more! Hence, Reforms are the Topmost Priorities.
US sponsored Pro Democratic Movement ARAB Spring is closely associated with US Economy.
In the same manner, Anna Anti Corruption Campaign is NOTHING But Corporate Lobbying for Reforms and Ethnic Cleansing. India Incs, Media, NGO and Civil Society altogether defend the US interest.
US is pressing for Haripur Atomic Power Plant and Mamata Bannerjee has SCRAPPED the Project. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had to visit Kolkata to plead for the project.
Such is the Urgency!
The Indian Spring is meant to pressurise the UPA with showcasing NDA Option, and Hindutva forces led by RSS support the Campaign which wants to change the Constitution to kill Constitutional Safeguards!
The Relaunched Ant Reservation Movement with Brand Anna and Brand Equity Anti Corruption campaign thus mobilises Caste Hindu market dominating communities along with the Creamy Layer and Co Opted!
This is also an EXCELLENT Mind Control game to Black out the Parliamentary Procedure to pass Reform Bills and Policy Making and Governance thanks to Foreign Investment fed Brahaminical Media.
Last year, NGOs were allocated 50 thousand crores! In the last Decade 5.6 lac Crores.
This has become greatest avenue for money laundering as 33 lacs NGOs are active today.
The team Anna members Kiran Bedi, Kejrival, Sandeep Pandey and Agnivesh, everyone is associated with NGOs.
The Telegraph has published a story on front page today Exposing the US agency PROMOTING Indian Spring and the agency is the SAME, which managed PR for ARAB Spring!
Manmohan has all set to strike a DEAL to save his government or NDA has to take over soon or later!
This is ALL is WELL situation for AMERICA and the Brahamical Hegemony as well!
Anna team is screaming SECOND REVOLUTION! Just remeber the JP Call for Total Revolution!
That movement heralded Neo Liberal LPG Mafia Rule and this Movemet would cause Mass Destruction!
Just Be aware!
Anna Hazare has expressed his willingness to have a dialogue on the Lokpal issue with the government which has opened a back channel with him through a top Maharashtra bureaucrat and a spiritual leader even as the Gandhian's fast entered the sixth day on Sunday.
Maharashtra additional chief secretary Umesh Chandra Sarangi, who visited Hazare on Saturday night, had a second meeting with the social activist along with Indore-based spiritual leader Baiyujji Maharaj. The spiritual leader is known to several top politicians from Maharashtra.
Sarangi has a good rapport with Hazare having handled several such situations in Maharashtra under former chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh when he had either gone on fast or threatened to do so. His meeting was described as "personal" by Team Anna which maintained "no compromise formula" was discussed.
A day after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stated that the government was open for discussion, 73-year-old Hazare said his campaign against corruption has not closed the door of dialogue with it to resolve the differences on Lokpal bill.
"We have not closed the door of dialogue. We have kept it open. Only through dialogue the issues can be resolved," he told thousands of his supporters on a humid day at Ramlila Ground on the sixth day of his fast.
Minister of state for parliamentary affairs Harish Rawat said the Centre has initiated a dialogue process with Team Anna at various levels to break the deadlock.
"The dialogue process has already been initiated at various levels through well-wishers. This dialogue is at various levels which is not parallel to each other but complementary to each other," Rawat said in Dehradun.
The core committee of 'India Against Corruption' had a meeting during which its deliberated Prime Minister's readiness to hold discussions. It said no proposal has come from the government so far.
"With whom and where should we discuss what," Arvind Kejriwal, a key aide of Hazare, said announcing the five decisions taken at the meeting.
Indo-US strategic alliance
Indo-US strategic alliance is an imperialist alliance! It is against the interests of Indian and world's peoples
US President Obama recently visited India to strengthen the alliance between the US imperialists and the Indian ruling class. This alliance is fraught with peril for the workers and people of India as well as for the peace and security of South Asia and the world. It must be opposed by all forces interested in peace and the wellbeing of the peoples.
http://www.cgpi.org/category/keywords/indo-us-strategic-alliance
Sarangi meets Hazare to find points of consensus and defuse crisis
SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTSHARE · COMMENT · PRINT · T+
He has a good rapport with the anti-corruption crusader
Maharashtra Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Umesh Chandra Sarangi met social activist Anna Hazare in New Delhi to find points of consensus and defuse the situation in the face of the overwhelming support for the Jan Lokpal Bill.
Mr. Sarangi, who was called to Delhi on Thursday, met Mr. Hazare twice. He confirmed to a TV channel that he did meet Anna and enquire about his health. He did not elaborate about the talks. Mr. Sarangi, who shares a good rapport with Mr. Hazare, has dealt with him closely over the past decade.
A Congress party source confirmed the meeting and said that Mr. Sarangi was perhaps the best man to talk to Mr. Hazare since he was Principal Secretary to the former Chief Minister, Vilasrao Deshmukh, and had dealt with Mr. Hazare during that period. Prior to that, Mr. Sarangi was Commissioner, Cooperation and Registrar of Cooperative Societies, a subject against which Mr. Hazare has raised many issues of corruption and fraud, forcing the government to take cognisance of his complaints.
Mr. Sarangi was involved in talks with Mr. Hazare, mediating on several issues when he was the former Divisional Commissioner of Pune. Often he would be sent to understand Mr. Hazare's demands and place them before the Chief Minister so that a solution could be found.
A native of Orissa, Mr. Sarangi, with a 30-year career, also served as the former Chairperson of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. The Centre was looking for a person who could talk with Mr. Hazare and meet him on a one-on-one basis. There was a growing concern in Maharashtra about his health as well, said a political observer.
There is a feeling in the Congress that Mr. Hazare is a reasonable person and has, in the past, been open to discussion and negotiation. Mr. Sarangi will have to rely on his intricate knowledge about mediating in Mr. Hazare's agitations from the past to understand where some middle ground can be found.
The Congress also feels that the need of the hour is consensus and not confrontation and sending Mr. Sarangi to meet Mr. Hazare is a step in that direction. The Central government has already made a public announcement that any citizen can come before the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Jan Lokpal Bill and offer suggestions, a move clearly aimed at involving the people.
However, there is a feeling within the Congress that Mr. Hazare is surrounded by a group which seems to be intransigent and even the National Campaign for People's Right to Information had expressed reservations about the methods adopted by Anna and his supporters.
Keywords: Anna Hazare fast, Ramlila Maidan, consensus, Jan Lokpal, anti-corruption movement, India Against Corruption, civil society, Rajghat, Tihar jail,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2379757.ece
Nuclear energy will play important role: Manmohan
PTISHARE · PRINT · T+
The HinduPrime Minister Manmohan Singh flanked by Governor of West Bengal, M. K. Narayanan (left), Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee (right) and Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee at the closing ceremony of the golden jubilee year of the institute in Kolkata on Sunday. Also seen are Srikumar Bannerjee, Chairman, Governing Council, and Mrinal Sanyal, Director of Saha Institute of Nuclear physics. Photo: Arunangsu Roy Chowdhury
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Sunday said that nuclear energy will play an important role in India's quest for clean and environment-friendly energy, but stressed on meeting "highest safety standards" in its use.
"The availability of safe and affordable energy is an important factor in enabling us to realise our aspiration for growth and development," the Prime Minister said at the diamond jubilee celebration of the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics here.
Dr. Singh, whose endorsement of nuclear energy is significant in view of the recent disaster at Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, said he was convinced that nuclear energy would play an important role in the country's quest for clean and environmentally-friendly energy mix to fuel the development process.
"We are in the process of expanding our civil nuclear energy programme," he said, but cautioned that "even as we do so, we have to ensure that use of nuclear energy in India meets highest safety standards".
"This is a matter on which there can be no compromise," he added.
Keywords: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, nuclear energy, environment-friendly energy, diamond jubilee celebration, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2379522.ece
PM backs N-power, Mamata sulks
HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times
Kolkata, August 21, 2011
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Sunday made a strong case for nuclear energy, which West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee is against.
Addressing the closing ceremony of Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics' diamond jubilee here, Singh said: ""I am convinced that nuclear energy will
play an important role in our quest for a clean and environmentally friendly energy mix as a major locomotive programme." Banerjee, sharing the dais, appeared to be in discomfort when he made the statement.
The Prime Minister's push for nuclear energy came days after the Trinamool-Congress coalition government announced a policy banning nuclear power plants including the one that was proposed at Haripur in East Midnapore district.
On August 17, West Bengal power minister Manish Gupta said the government will not budge from its stand of disallowing nuclear plants. "The erstwhile Left Front government had misled the people about the Haripur project. Our government has no plans to set up nuclear power plants in any other parts of the state," he said in the assembly.
The Prime Minister had during his visit to Russia in 2009 signed an agreement for setting up five nuclear power plants in India, including the one at Haripur. Land was accordingly allotted to Russian firm Rosatom for developing a nuclear park for its 1000MW atomic power plants.
Local farmers and fishermen opposed the land allotment fearing health hazards. Trinamool Congress backed their agitation, following which the Russian firm wanted to shift the project from Haripur to adjoining Orissa.
But on Sunday, the Prime Minister allayed health fears. "We have to ensure that the use of nuclear energy in India meets the highest safety standards. This is a matter on which there can be no compromise. I would call upon the Saha Institute and similar other institutes to contribute to enhancing the safety of our nuclear reactors," he said.
He also welcomed public sector contributions in research work and lamented the low drive of Indians to file patents.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/PM-backs-N-power-Mamata-sulks/Article1-735900.aspx
Against the backdrop of Japan's nuclear plant leak in March, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday signalled India's resolve to scale up atomic energy production as he directed government agencies to upgrade safety measures at all nuclear installations in the country.
Manmohan Singh, who met government officials, nuclear scientists and disaster management authorities at his residence here, took stock of measures to deal with a Fukushima-like disaster which was triggered by a cocktail of an earthquake and a tsunami.
The prime minister discussed a slew of new steps such as installing hi-tech radiation measuring gadgets in 35 cities across India, including Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, and asked the states and central agencies to work on implementing the chemical, biological, nuclear and radiation disaster management guidelines prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
"The prime minister has reviewed the safety of nuclear installations in the country and has directed authorities to review safety measures in the light of experience in the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan. These directions are being acted upon," NDMA Vice Chairman Shashidhar Reddy told reporters here after the meeting.
"The prime minister also reviewed the safety measure being undertaken by the Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited in respect of nuclear facilities and asked them to look at beyond-design-basis accidents, as in Fukushima," Reddy said.
The meeting was attended by Home Minister P. Chidambaram, Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar, Planning Commission Deputy Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office V. Narayanasamy, and Atomic Energy Commission chairman S. Banerjee, who made a presentation on the safety measures of nuclear plants.
Manmohan Singh, however, expressed satisfaction on the safety and security of India's 20 operational nuclear reactors.
"The prime minister is fully satisfied," Reddy stressed.
Though the terror threats to India's nuclear installations and the challenges posed by non-state actors to Pakistan's nuclear arsenal were concerns receiving the highest attention at top levels in the government, the NDMA vice chief made it clear that the possibility of such attacks or the neighbouring country's nuclear weapons falling into terrorists' hands was not a point of discussion at the meeting.
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PM assures central assistance to WB: Cong
PTI | 10:08 PM,Aug 21,2011Kolkata, Aug 21 (PTI) Prime Minister Manmohan Singh today assured that the Centre would provide necessary assistance to West Bengal for its development."Prime Minister has assured a delegation of Pradesh Congress that the Centre will provide the assistance required for the development of West Bengal at a time when the state is reeling under acute financial crisis," Congress leader and state's Irrigation Minister Manas Bhuinya told reporters.A delegation of Congress MPs, MLAs and state leaders called on the Prime Minister at Raj Bhavan this evening.Bhuinya said the delegation urged Singh to increase the allocation under different heads to the state."We told him that the previous Left Front government did nothing to prevent recurrence of floods in last 34 years," he said, adding that the state irrigation department and Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee would send reports to the Centre about the extent of damage and loss due to the floods.AICC general secretary Shakeel Ahmed said the Prime Minister had assured the delegation that a central team might be sent to the state, if necessary, to gauge the extent of damage due to floods."On the basis of the team's suggestion, possible central assistance will be given," he quoted the Prime Minister as having assured the delegation.Ahmed said the delegation informed the Prime Minister that more central funds were required to manage the collapsed economy of the state reeling under a huge debt burden. "The chief minister finds it difficult to manage affairs of the state's economy." PTI PKC PB NN
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| American Avaaz gives Net voice to Anna group - Website that focused on Libya and Syria mobilises support for Hazare campaign | ||
| SANJAY K. JHA | ||
New Delhi, Aug. 20: An international website that helped sustain recent mass movements in countries such as Syria, Libya, Canada and Brazil has involved itself in the Anna Hazare campaign. Avaaz.org is co-founded by Res Publica, an American "community of public sector professionals dedicated to promoting good governance, civic virtue and deliberative democracy", and MoveOn.org, an American "non-profit progressive public policy advocacy group". Avaaz has the expertise to manage funds, strategies and propaganda for public campaigns and even mobilises protesters. It is managed by a team of campaigners working from Switzerland, Brazil, the US, Argentina and the UK. Its website is now giving prominent display to the Hazare campaign and has posted his photograph along with that of Mahatma Gandhi. The website says: "Anna Hazare, a 73-year-old Gandhian activist, declared a fast unto death until the government agreed to let civil society draft a powerful new anti-corruption law. In just 36 hours, an unprecedented five lakh Indians joined Avaaz's campaign to support Hazare's call for sweeping reform." It further says: "In 4 days, the public outcry forced India's government to sign a written submission to all of Hazare's demands! We won!! Today, a new India is being born — and just as last year in Brazil with landmark anti-corruption legislation, Avaaz is helping to breathe life into it." Many Internet-savvy young men and women who attended the protests at India Gate and Ramlila Maidan admitted having received mail from Avaaz.org. The Centre, which is aware of Avaaz's involvement, believes that many external agencies are helping the Hazare campaign. But government sources expressed helplessness in dealing with the matter. Sources pointed to the involvement of several local professional agencies, NGOs and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh-affiliated outfits. One Congress leader said: "The Prime Minister's Office and the official residence of (minister) Kapil Sibal are receiving hundreds of calls daily in support of Hazare. Many of the callers are even hurling abuse at the government." Sibal's office confirmed it had received abusive calls over the past five days but declined to elaborate. A Congress leader said: "When Arvind Kejriwal has himself been calling senior ministers cheats and frauds, such harassment calls are only to be expected. But we don't know if this is part of a Gandhian discourse." Such responses from Hazare supporters are prominently displayed on the website of India Against Corruption, the campaign's spearhead. One post says: "plz Annaji take care of urself, you are just in front of these demons, giant politicians. You may call them silent terrorists." ( ) http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110821/jsp/frontpage/story_14404446.jsp |
*Spiritual leader Sri Sri Ravishankar on Sunday said the movement against corruption launched by Anna Hazare is making "new history" and pitched for reforms in electoral and other sectors.
Addressing the gathering at Ramlila Maidan, the venue of Anna Hazare's indefinite fast demanding a strong Lokpal Bill, termed the Gandhian as a "saint" who has come to save the country and make it strong.
"I congratulate the team, inspite of all the allegations, they held their head high and continued their resolve without bending down," he said.
Ravishankar said the movement is making a "new history as it is totally non-violent."
"A saint has sat on a fast to save India and to make the country strong. Truth will win. The movement is making a new history as this is totally non-violent. The country needs many reforms like electoral and others," he told thousands of Hazare's supporters.
21 AUG, 2011, 08.20AM IST, HIMANSHI DHAWAN,TNN
Finally, PM takes steps for a talk with Team Anna
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- India Against Corruption: Kejriwal seeks support for Hazare's stir
NEW DELHI: As Ramlila Maidan, where Gandhian Anna Hazare is on an indefinite fast, turned into a sea of people on Saturday, and it became apparent that the upsurge for a strong anti-corruption law was not a fickle middle-class fancy but an ever-growing demand of the people, the government took its first awkward little steps for a dialogue with the civil society leaders.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh broke the pattern of official denials of any scope for any modification in the government Lokpal Bill by offering dialogue and discussions on the draft law. He said while there was scope for "give and take", it might not be possible to meet Anna's three-week deadline for passing the bill. Team Anna's Arvind Kejriwal and Prashant Bhushan appeared to be responding to this when they said at a press conference that Anna's deadline was not a threat but only "an expression of his fundamental right to express his opinion".
The two also added they were open to dialogue but no one from the government had approached them so far. While it's difficult to say whether these overtures would lead to meaningful talks, there was growing appreciation in the government of the fact that the anti-corruption movement was steadily gaining popularity and there was need for an urgent political response to it, especially as Anna's fast had already crossed 110 hours (five days).
With the Hazare group insistent that the government's Lokpal bill be replaced by its "stronger" version, the PM indicated the official bill was not the last word.
More stories from this edition of Lokpal Bill
- Aruna Roy: Jan Lokpal Bill impractical, undemocratic
- Give us our Jan Lokpal Bill or quit: Anna Hazare warns government
- Jan Lokpal Bill: Anna Hazare willing for dialogue, Govt opens back channel talks
- Jan Lokpal Bill: Team Anna wants government to appoint negotiator, withdraw its bill
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Finally-PM-takes-steps-for-a-talk-with-Team-Anna/articleshow/9680911.cms
Civil society leaders behaving like legislators: Pranab
KOLKATA: Finance minister Pranab Mukherjee has questioned the way civil society leaders had been carrying on with their movement despite the Prime Minister making it clear that the government was open to dialogue on the Lokpal Bill.
"The Prime Minister and the home minister have made the position of the government quite clear in respect of the issue. I have nothing more to add," Mukherjee told reporters here to a query.
He was asked if there was a divide in the UPA over the Lokpal bill due to the protest by Anna Hazare, whose fast demanding a strong Lokpal bill entered the sixth day on Sunday.
The Prime Minister had said on Saturday that there was a lot of scope for give and take on the Bill and the government was open to discussion and dialogue on the issue. He had also called for a broad national consensus on the issue.
Later, speaking at a function in Howrah, Mukherjee said that the leaders of the civil society movement for a Lokpal Bill have given an impression as if they have become legislators.
"The way the civil society movement is continuing in the country, it gives an impression that the leaders have become legislators," Mukherjee said.
Aruna Roy: Jan Lokpal Bill impractical, undemocratic
Terming Anna Hazare's Jan Lokpal Bill "impractical and complicated", noted social activist and National Advisory Council ( NAC) member Aruna Roy said that giving widespread powers to an unelected body is a "threat to democracy".
"Jan Lokpal is a bill impossible to implement. Also, it derails the checks and balances between the judiciary, executive and other organs of the democratic structure," Roy, 65, who pioneered the right to information (RTI) movement in the country, told IANS in an interview here.
"Not that we agree with the government Lokpal Bill. The Lokpal legislation should be thoroughly deliberated again by activists, lawmakers and all other stakeholders.
"We of course support the democratic right of Hazare to hold demonstrations and fast against the government. That is why we condemned the arrest of Hazare," she said.
"But we have no meeting point with them, though we keep meeting each other at functions and meetings of common interest," she added.
Asked about the huge public support Hazare has drawn, Roy said: "There have been huge gatherings in support of NGO-sponsored agitations, like the Narmada Bachao movement. It might not have got similar publicity, as live TV was not there then."
Roy and her fellow activists in the National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) have prepared an alternate version of the Lokpal bill, which will be presented to parliament's standing committee.
Roy, a Magsaysay award winner, said the Jan Lokpal bill is a "giant, complicated exercise" as it tried to extend from the prime minister to a peon.
"It wants to bring the higher judiciary into its ambit, which otherwise should have been under the Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010," she said.
She felt that the suggestion of dual duties -- curbing corruption and redressing grievances -- under the Jan Lokpal was not feasible.
"The Jan Lokpal is a threat to democracy as a powerful, non-elected agency can lead to abuse of power and abuse of authority. Power corrupts and absolutely power corrupts absolutely," she quipped.
"Grievance redressal should not be the role of the Lokpal; it should be the work of the executive.
"See, wages of lakhs of workers in the NREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) in Rajasthan have not been paid. But that is because the shortage of bank staff and other bureaucratic delays," she said.
The massive organisational setup suggested in the Jan Lokpal will lead to corruption and inefficiency, she cautioned.
"You may be able to find 11 Lokpal members of integrity, but it is difficult to create a clean set-up of thousands of staffers and hold them accountable," Roy said.
The government-drafted Lokpal is also deficient on several fronts, she added. Since it excludes cases under the state governments, there can be no probe against cases like the Adarsh housing society scandal, the Commonwealth Games scam and illegal mining in Karnataka.
She said excluding the prime minister and the higher judiciary was wrong. "This is a wrong practice. Nobody should be above the law," she said, adding that there should be certain safeguards. "Like both the Lokpal and the Supreme Court should agree on a probe against the prime minister."
Roy also suggested that the Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill should be revised to facilitate effective action against the higher judiciary while the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) should be strengthened to probe junior officials.
The whistleblowers' protection bill too should be revised to deal with the increasing attacks and threats against RTI activists, she suggested.
"The Lokpal bill should not become an issue of adamant stances, political rivalries and personality-driven agitations. What we need is a sincere, detailed debate for legislation of immense social significance and public concern," she said.
Roy, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from 1968 to 1974, resigned from the government as the clouds of Emergency were gathering. She took to social work in the Social Work Research Centre in Tilonia in Rajasthan, founded by her husband Sanjit 'Bunker' Roy, another Magsaysay award winner.
However, she professionally disassociated from her husband in 1983, reportedly for ideological reasons, and founded the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathana (Workers and Peasants Strength Union) in 1990 in Devdoongri in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan.
Roy's campaign for right to information led to the enactment of the RTI Act - in Rajasthan in 2000 and five years later at the national level.
19 JUN, 2011, 12.00PM IST, HIMANSHI DHAWAN,TNN
Aruna Roy & Co's Lokpal draft echoes govt's stand
RELATED ARTICLES
- Aruna Roy: Jan Lokpal Bill impractical, undemocratic
- Aruna Roy: Anna shouldn't undermine democratic institutions
- Lokpal Bill: Anna Hazare toughens stand, PM 'needs more time'
- Team Anna, other activists differ over Lokpal Bill
- India against corruption: NAC slams Govt for Anna Hazare's arrest
NEW DELHI: At a time when social activist Anna Hazare and his team are locked in a decisive battle with the government over the Lokpal bill, fellow civil society activists are working on a parallel draft that shares common ground with the dispensation.
A draft Lokpal bill, being debated by National Advisory Council ( NAC) member Aruna Roy and other activists under the aegis of the National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI), bears uncanny similarity to the views aired by the government. The draft, expected to be ready by month-end, comes at a time when Team Anna has expressed their disagreement with the government on several contentious provisions related to the powers of the Lokpal.
However, NCPRI refuted the suggestion that the draft made by them echoed the government's views, making it a more "acceptable version" as opposed to the Team Anna draft. NCPRI member Venkatesh Nayak said, "There is no conscious design to draft a bill according to the government's views. These views are coming from NCPRI after consultations. We think this is a reasonable way to deal with the issue of corruption."
In contrast to Team Anna's vision of the Lokpal that is supposed to be a multi-layered structure dealing with corruption at all levels, the draft Lokpal bill being prepared by the NCPRI restricts itself to corruption only at the highest level in sync with the views expressed by the government. Akin to the government, the think-tank believes that higher judiciary should be exempted from the Lokpal even as Team Anna's version of the anti-graft bill says that judiciary should be included. The NCPRI feels that higher judiciary should be dealt with in the judicial accountability bill.
In departure to the government's view on exclusion of conduct of MPs and the office of the Prime Minister, the NCPRI draft seeks to bring both in the ambit of the Lokpal with certain exceptions, whose details are still being worked out. The NGO plans to submit the draft to the government after June 30.
More stories from this edition of Lokpal Bill
- Aruna Roy: Jan Lokpal Bill impractical, undemocratic
- Give us our Jan Lokpal Bill or quit: Anna Hazare warns government
- Jan Lokpal Bill: Anna Hazare willing for dialogue, Govt opens back channel talks
- Jan Lokpal Bill: Team Anna wants government to appoint negotiator, withdraw its bill
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Aruna-Roy-Cos-Lokpal-draft-echoes-govts-stand/articleshow/8911630.cms
21 AUG, 2011, 08.36PM IST, WRITANKAR MUKHERJEE,ET BUREAU
India to accord highest safety standards for civil nuclear energy: PM
KOLKATA: India will ensure the highest safety standards are followed as it expands its civil nuclear energy programme, prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh said.
The government is going to partner with various top scientific academic institutions like the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics to enhance the safety of the country's various nuclear reactors.
"The availability of safe and affordable energy is an important factor in enabling us to realise our aspirations for growth and development. While nuclear energy will be a major locomotive to fuel our development process, we have to ensure that the use of nuclear energy in India meets the highest safety standards. This is a matter on which there can be no compromise at a time when we are expanding our civil nuclear energy programme," Dr Singh said.
The prime minister was addressing the closing ceremony of the diamond jubilee celebrations of Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics here on Sunday evening.
Talking about the linkage between research institutions and the industry, Dr Singh said the private sector should make more contribution. "Higher investment in research and development is accorded high priority across the economy. It is a sad commentary that the number of patents filed by India is still very low as compared to the developed world and even some in the developing world," he said.
Dr Singh said the doors for international cooperation in high technology areas have opened for India and will open further. "Our scientists should use these unfolding opportunities to develop an international temper and outlook. There should be a greater cooperation between our research institutes and those from other countries," he said.
The prime minister highlighted that the quality and scale of a country's scientific knowledge base determines the competitiveness of its economy and the pace of its development.
"We are committed to create an environment that attracts young men and women towards science and research. We have devised policies and mechanisms that draw the best minds to the scientific vocation. Our aim should be to produce more Nobel laureates," Dr Singh said.
The prime minister assured all the scientific and academic institutes the government's fullest support in preservation of autonomy and resource requirements.
Team Anna on Sunday said the government should appoint a negotiator to hold talks with Anna Hazare on the Jan Lokpal Bill and withdraw its draft from Parliament to create "an atmosphere of trust".
Swami Agnivesh, one of the members of Team Anna's core committee, said they were open for talks but the government should create an atmosphere for it.
"If the government wants to talk to us it should appoint a negotiator," he said.
"We are open for talks. In order to open a door for dialogue, the government has to create an atmosphere. They have to create an atmosphere of trust by withdrawing the government Bill from Parliament and introduce Jan Lokpal Bill. We will not budge from our stand. This is the least they should do to earn our trust," Swami Agnivesh said.
To questions on "strong words" being used by both government and members of Team Anna, Swami Agnivesh said it would be good if both sides desist from using "such phrases" which could lead to any kind of confrontation.
On the meeting between senior Maharashtra government official and Mr. Hazare, he said the official has known the social activist for a long time and he met him in his personal capacity.
Pranab not against pre-legislation consultations
SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTSHARE · COMMENT · PRINT · T+
The HinduUnion Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee. File photo
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Take protest to homes of MPs, Ministers: AnnaGovt. not concerned about Anna's health: BediHazare promises to fight land grabHazare group's methods annoy Aruna Roy, othersManmohan: scope for give-and-take on Lokpal Bill'No time limit can be specified on Lokpal Bill'Anna is not India nor India AnnaOur fight goes beyond Lokpal: Anna HazareFast may go beyond 15 days: Arvind KejriwalU.S. not behind Anna's agitation, says McCainTeam Anna may not insist on bringing judiciary under LokpalTOPICS
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In what could be construed as an affirmation of the Centre's response to the agitation by social activist Anna Hazare and his supporters for a strong Lokpal Bill to deal with corruption within August 30, Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said near here on Sunday that a "larger section of society" could engage in pre-legislation consultations but only in a "disciplined" and "well-established format."
Without specifically referring to Mr. Hazare and his supporters, he said: "If a larger section of society wants to participate in a disciplined and in a well-established format, we can indulge in that."
"Not necessarily does pre-legislation consultation have to be confined to civil servants and the political executive," Mr. Mukherjee pointed out. He was speaking at the convocation of the Bengal Engineering and Science University at Sibpur in West Bengal's Howrah district.
"Yes, there may be failures; there may be successes. But Indian democracy is not stagnant; it is exposing itself in various formats," Mr. Mukherjee added.
His remarks came a day after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that there "is lot of scope for give and take" on the draft Lokpal Bill presented by the government in the Lok Sabha. His government was open to discussion and dialogue and would like a broad national consensus on the issue, Dr. Singh had said.
Keywords: Anna Hazare fast, JP Park, Jan Lokpal, anti-corruption movement, India Against Corruption, civil society, Rajghat, Tihar jail, Ramlila Maidan
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2379107.ece
Take protest to homes of MPs, Ministers: Anna
K. BALCHANDSHARE · COMMENT · PRINT · T+
The HinduSupporters of fasting social activist Anna Hazare marching towards Ramlila Maidan from India Gate, in New Delhi on Sunday night. Photo:Sushil Kumar Verma
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80 detained for protesting near PM's residencePublic support for Hazare will continue: HegdeGovt. not concerned about Anna's health: BediHazare promises to fight land grabHazare group's methods annoy Aruna Roy, othersManmohan: scope for give-and-take on Lokpal Bill'No time limit can be specified on Lokpal Bill'Anna is not India nor India AnnaOur fight goes beyond Lokpal: Anna HazareFast may go beyond 15 days: Arvind KejriwalU.S. not behind Anna's agitation, says McCainTeam Anna may not insist on bringing judiciary under LokpalTeam Anna to govt.: Withdraw Bill, will talkSeek fresh mandate, Advani tells PMSarangi meets Hazare to find points of consensus and defuse crisisCongress MPs resent Hazare's picketing callTOPICS
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While accepting the offer of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh for a dialogue on resolving the impasse on the formulation of the Lokpal legislation, the fasting social activist, Anna Hazare, on Sunday not only widened the agitation, directly confronting Members of Parliament and Union Ministers, but also warned the UPA government that its days were numbered if it failed to pass the Bill by August 30.
Following up on the Prime Minister's offer for talks, the Union government has launched a backchannel effort to work out a solution with the anti-corruption crusader, but Team Anna said no formal exercise was visible and ruled out any reconciliation by Monday.
Supporters held a rally from India Gate to the Ramlila Ground, where Mr. Hazare's indefinite fast entered the sixth day, and several others, responding to the call of Team Anna, staged dharnas in front of the residences of several Union Ministers. At least 80 demonstrators were arrested when they sought to stage a sit-in in front of the Prime Minister's residence on Race Course Road.
Mr. Hazare addressed his supporters twice, in the morning and in the evening. In the morning he said the doors were open for talks but in his evening speech Mr. Hazare issued a warning to the UPA government.
He said the agitation would be intensified after August 30 if the government failed to pass the Bill. "The government will have to accept because the people have awakened. If not, you will have to go. You do what you want to, we too are prepared to launch an agitation, which the country has not seen before."
Mr. Hazare said the "torch has been lit to end corruption. But the path is a long one. The torch has to keep burning whether Anna is there or not," he said
Earlier in the day, Mr. Hazare said the doors had not been closed for talks, expressing his willing to hold talks with the government in response to the olive branch held out by the Prime Minister on Saturday.
He said the doors had been kept open and only through a dialogue could issues be resolved. The anti-corruption crusader, however, stood his ground, insisting on the introduction of the Jan Lokpal Bill in Parliament.
Mr. Hazare said that even if the Prime Minister was within the ambit of the Lokpal, the Jan Lokpal Bill had to be taken up for consideration in Parliament; until the Bill was passed, there was no question of ending the present endeavour.
Mr. Hazare maintained the people's parliament was more important than Parliament. Those elected as MPs and trustees of the treasury were looting the money, he charged and said it was time to send several of these corrupt Ministers to jail.
His associate, Arvind Kejriwal, maintained that though the Prime Minister had offered dialogue there was no intimation yet on where they were to come and with whom to talk.
In what is being viewed as backchannel negotiations, Maharashtra Additional Chief Secretary Umesh Chandra Sarangi interacted with Mr. Hazare twice during the past 24 hours, but Mr. Kejriwal maintained nothing constructive was proposed.
Keywords: Anna Hazare fast, JP Park, Jan Lokpal, anti-corruption movement, India Against Corruption, civil society, Rajghat, Tihar jail, Ramlila Maidan
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2378931.eceManmohan: scope for give-and-take on Lokpal Bill
B. MURALIDHAR REDDYSHARE · COMMENT (1) · PRINT · T+
The HinduPrime Minister Manmohan Singh presides over the full Planning Commission meeting in New Delhi on Saturday. Photo: Rajeev Bhatt
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Amid growing clamour for a robust Lokpal institution by a broad political spectrum and vocal demonstration of street power by anti-corruption crusader Anna Hazare, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Saturday said there was a 'lot of scope for give-and-take' on the draft Bill presented by the government in the Lok Sabha. It had since been referred to the Standing Committee.
In a brief question-answer session with the media after presiding over the full Planning Commission meeting at his official residence here, Dr. Singh said the government was ready to enlist the cooperation of all thinking segments of public opinion to put in place 'a strong and effective' Lokpal to deal with corruption.
His comments came on the fifth day of fast by Mr. Hazare, who has set a deadline of August 30 to Parliament to get his version of the Lokpal Bill passed. Dr. Singh's statement acquires significance with the announcement by nine non-NDA parties and the NDA for separate all-India protests on August 23 and 25 against corruption.
The Prime Minister parried a question on the August 30 ultimatum by Mr. Hazare, saying the Bill was now the property of Parliament. His stand was that the government was open to inputs from all sections within and outside the ambit of Parliament.
Dr. Singh said the effort was to forge a consensus to ensure that "the end product is a strong and effective Lokpal, which all sections of our community want."
Conceding that there are difficulties in reconciling different viewpoints, he maintained that there was a logic of the legislative process.
"And I would not like to say anything that would controvert anything that has been said by anyone else. But I hope that people will appreciate that there is a dynamic of the legislative process which takes time, sometimes, to get over."
The substance of Dr. Singh's comments was not much different from his address to the nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on Independence Day .
Unlike what he said on Monday, he articulated the government position on Saturday in a nuanced fashion. Neither did he revisit his exhortation to those who disagreed with the proposed legislation not to resort to hunger strikes and fast-unto-death nor did he repeat the charge of forces within and outside the country working to destabilise the country.
Separately, Abhishek Singhvi, Congress MP who heads the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and Justice tasked to examine the Lokpal Bill, said: "No time limit can be accurately specified" for giving the report except that the reference to the panel initially was for three months.
Team Anna's demand
He declined to be dragged into the demands by Team Anna saying: "I do not wish to comment on the views of others. All I can say is that this multi-party committee resembling a mini-Parliament will assiduously look into every aspect with a completely open mind."
Suggestions invited
The committee, through advertisements in the media, has already invited suggestions from any quarter in writing and extended invitation to depose before it with any material with a guarantee that it would be treated as confidential.
Keywords: Anna Hazare arrest, Tihar Jail, Anna Hazare fast, Jan Lokpal, anti-corruption movement, India Against Corruption, civil society, Ramlila Maidan, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Lokpal Bill
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2375906.ece| A brand is born | |||||||||||
| His Gandhian austerity and relentless anti-corruption crusade has turned Anna Hazare, once a little-known social activist from Maharashtra, into a powerful brand. Smitha Verma and V. Kumara Swamy on the image of the man who has caught the imagination of the people | |||||||||||
The 40-something woman in her trendy capris and the 24-year-old labourer from a Delhi resettlement colony are standing in the crowd, rubbing shoulders. Wearing similar T-shirts — with the slogan "I am Anna" emblazoned on it — they are waiting for a little man who's shaken the nation. From a distance, they see him coming. He is dressed in spotless white, with his Gandhi cap atop his head, and a smile that spreads across his rotund face. He takes the mike and the crowd, waiting to greet him, turns euphoric. Anna has arrived. Or, as some marketing gurus exult, Brand Anna has arrived. Kisan Baburao Hazare, the 73-year-old activist from Ralegan Siddhi, Maharashtra, isn't just any old campaigner on a fast against graft. The crowds and support he has been drawing set him apart from other activists. The reason for that, clearly, is the issue he addresses. Corruption, after all, is a pan-Indian concern. "His USP is his anti-corruption stance which cuts across caste, creed, gender, religion and class," explains ad guru Alyque Padamsee. "And with that a brand has been created overnight." Consultant and columnist Suhel Seth believes that a lot of planning has gone into "effectively strategising" him as a brand. "The brand has been positioned well, marketed thoroughly and has a definite perspective." It got a boost when the government bungled, in first pushing him into jail and then pleading with him to get out of it. But Hazare, observers note, had an ace up his sleeve. The prison — in this case, Tihar in Delhi — was a symbol of all that the Gandhian sought to represent, a struggle against the establishment that has been turning down the anti-corruption Jan Lokpal Bill proposed by Hazare and his team.
"He sat on fast a day after the Independence Day. His visit to Rajghat left an indelible impression on people's mind," says Padamsee. "His detention was compared with the jail bharo andolan of our freedom fighters. Going to jail is the best way for an activist to turn into a brand." For Hazare, though, it has been a long journey from an obscure little village — which he turned from dry land to a green oasis — to the limelight in Lutyens's Delhi. His potential was first spotted by Right to Information (RTI) activist Arvind Kejriwal. He came to know of Hazare's ability to draw crowds during the latter's 13-day fast in Alandi near Pune in 2006 against the Centre's decision to exclude government file notes from the purview of the RTI Act. Soon the two had joined hands with senior lawyer and former minister Shanti Bhushan, who had first introduced the Lokpal Bill in the Lok Sabha in 1968. After brand identification, began the packaging and marketing. "There are many people in their team, yet it was Hazare who was chosen as its face because of his austere image," says Padamsee. Even the name Anna — or elder brother — had an impact on the people. It is pithy and adapts well to headlines. Occasionally, even Hazare speaks of himself in the third person. "Anna will not compromise," he says. The man who knows little about technology is now the buzzword in the new media. The handle of Jan Lokpal on the micro-blogging site Twitter has 52, 000 followers and Kejriwal's India Against Corruption (IAC) has 3,72,757 "likes" on its Facebook page. When IAC floated a telephone number and asked people to ring and hang up to express solidarity with Anna, it received some 1.3 crore "missed calls" by August 15. "We have dedicated volunteers to update social networking websites," says Bhavana Upadhyaya, media co-ordinator with the Chennai chapter of IAC. "We have tied up with college union leaders to convey our message to the youth and have sent out bulk SMSes to win their solidarity," she says. The funds to position the brand came through Magsaysay awardee Kejriwal's Public Cause Research Foundation (PCRF). The organisation set up IAC as a sister concern earlier this year. All donations for IAC are accepted through PCRF and it has several chapters across the country. "He is the man for the moment," says social scientist Dipankar Gupta. Gupta believes that Jaya Prakash Narayan's movement of the Seventies — which rattled the Congress government at the Centre — did not have the mass appeal that Hazare's struggle has evoked. "The JP movement reached only a few pockets of India unlike this one which has touched each and every Indian," he says. Not surprisingly, enterprising quarters are making the most of the mass appeal. From caps to T-shirts and even rakhis, brand Anna has given entrepreneurs a reason to cheer. "Our tees stand for 'India-on-a-t-shirt'. Isn't Anna about India?" asks Vimal Mariwala, in-charge, operations and sales, Tantra, a popular youth T-shirt brand. Manoj Vijay Kumar, owner of online portal X-tees, says they have been "flooded" with queries for 'Anna' T-shirts. "It started in April soon after Hazare's fast in Delhi and continued all through these months." Another merchandise portal, Inkfruit.Com, has already sold around 10,000 Anna T-shirts. Anna's timing too was perfect — appearing as he did when corruption was at its peak, as was the middle class's frustrations. When ministers and businessmen were being exposed for graft, Anna Hazare arrived with his simple clothes and a sacrificial mission. "India always had a soft corner for anyone who showcases a degree of austerity," says social scientist Ashis Nandy. "We're at a stage where we don't trust politicians, so embracing an apolitical person was the obvious choice." Of course, it helped that Hazare's surroundings were in the heart of Delhi — where news cameras are focused. Delhi isn't Manipur, where Irom Sharmila Chanu has been fasting for close to 11 years, demanding the repeal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act. "I wonder if Anna would have got the same publicity if he was fasting in Manipur," says her brother Irom Singhajit. The electronic media's focus on Hazare has been assessed by Esha News Service, a Mumbai-based broadcast monitoring and analysis service. The total advertising value of TV coverage given to Hazare's fast from April 3 to 11 was Rs 175.86 crore, it says. Staying focused too has helped, say brand managers. "With some brands you can leverage and with some you can not. Baba Ramdev falls in the latter category. He may be a big yoga brand but the moment he shifted focus, he floundered," says Manish Porwal, managing director, Alchemist Talent Solutions, a celebrity management firm in Mumbai. "He is a successful social brand and can't be diversified," adds Porwal. His advice to Hazare for optimum brand value is to "never start tweeting". But Seth has the last word. "In simple words, Hazare has repositioned himself as Mahatma Gandhi version 2.0," he says. FAST FORWARD Some prominent hunger strikes in Independent India■ Potti Sriramulu Demand: A separate Andhra Province Hunger strike: Oct 19-Dec 15, 1952 (died) Result: The formation of state of Andhra was accepted a day after his death ■ Fateh Singh Demand: Separate Punjabi suba Hunger Strike: Dec 18, 1960-Jan 9, 1961 (went on another fast in 1965) Result: Punjab became a state in 1965
■ Irom Sharmila Chanu Demand: Repeal of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in the North-east Hunger strike: Nov 2, 2000- continuing (being force-fed) Result: AFSPA continues
■ K. Chandrasekhara Rao Demand: Separate state of Telangana Hunger Strike: Nov 30-Dec 9, 2009 Result: Setting up of Krishna Commission announced
■ Swami Nigamananda Demand: Stopping of illegal quarrying in the Ganga near Haridwar Hunger Strike: Feb 19-Apr 27, 2011 (went into a coma and died on June 13) Result: Illegal quarrying continues
■ Baba Ramdev Demand: Recover black money stashed abroad Hunger Strike: June 4-12, 2011 Result: Government promises action
Additional reporting by Sonia Sarkar | |||||||||||
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1 JUN, 2011, 03.43AM IST, ET BUREAU
PM reiterates India's commitment to nuclear power
- Russia eyes nuclear power exports to Germany
- Germany to abandon nuclear power by 2022: Merkel
- PM firm on N-energy, directs safety upgrades at N-facilities
- India, Germany review security situation in Pakistan, Afghanistan
- Germany move to shut N-plants may affect Jaitapur plan
NEW DELHI: Caught offguard by Germany's announcement that it would phase out all its nuclear power plants by 2022, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Tuesday reiterated India's commitment to nuclear power when he said that India must make use of nuclear energy to meet not just its energy needs but also its emission targets.
He made his latest assertion on the issue in the presence of German Chancellor Angela Merkel here on Tuesday, and insisted there would be absolutely no cause of concern with the safety norms for India's reactors which, he reassured, would be world class.
Germany was constrained to take a decision on phasing out nuclear power following a thorough review of all its reactors in the wake of Fukushima disaster earlier this year. "One thing which is quite clear is that if India is to meet its emission targets, then nuclear energy along with renewable sources of energy, is a combination which we need,'' said Singh while addressing a joint press conference with Merkel.
"We will make every effort to ensure that safety norms in generation and utilisation of nuclear power are world class, but we must have the option to make use of the nuclear energy, together with the heavy reliance on coal which is inevitable for quite sometime to come in our country,'' Singh added.
While India wants to raise its nuclear power generation capacity to 20,000 MW by 2020, Singh said no firm decision had been taken yet on capacity enhancement beyond that. "Nuclear energy today accounts for only about 3% of total energy generated in our system. As of now, our capacity is less than 5,000 MW. We want to raise it to about 20,000 MW by the year 2020. Thereafter there are some projections but no firm decisions have been taken,'' he said.
The two leaders also discussed terrorism and the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan during what was the first inter-governmental meeting between their countries. "We discussed the developments in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Terrorism is a serious challenge which will have to be fought on all fronts and not selectively," said Singh.
Merkel also highlighted the importance of Afghanistan. She said it was important that Afghanistan develop an independent security architecture. Germany will be hosting the next conference on Afghanistan by the end of the year in which the issue of reconciliation process will be discussed in detail. "The Afghan President and my Government agreed on part and parcel of reconciliation in the countrya¦reconciliation of all the forces if they fulfill the conditions,'' she said. India and Germany also inked four pacts to expand their cooperation in areas relating to education, research and high-tech areas like nuclear physics.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/PM-reiterates-Indias-commitment-to-nuclear-power/articleshow/8672443.cms
Hazare promises to fight land grab
GARGI PARSAISHARE · COMMENT (1) · PRINT · T+
PTIA team of doctors examining Anna Hazare on his fifth day of fast against corruption at Ramlila Maidan in New Delhi on Saturday.
To push for land reforms, farmers' rights, better education next
DELHI: Enthused by the tremendous public response to his indefinite fast for a strong and amended Lokpal Bill, anti-corruption crusader Anna Hazare on Saturday raised the pitch promising more fights in the coming days for land reforms, farmers' rights and a better education system. Earlier, he had talked about agitating for electoral reforms and the right to recall.
As his fast entered the fifth day on Saturday, he said he felt "some weakness having lost 3.5 kg," but asserted that he will not give up. "There is nothing to worry. I will keep fighting till we get the Jan Lokpal Bill [or amended Lokpal Bill that includes provisions of Jan Lokpal Bill]," he said to a roar of approval from the audience at the Ramlila Maidan here. By evening, the venue, with a capacity of about 50,000, was nearly full.
The activist demanded that the government withdraw its Lokpal Bill and pass the Jan Lokpal Bill in Parliament by August 30. There has been no initiative so far from the government to open dialogue with Mr. Hazare on his demand, which the Congress described as "unrealistic."
"My fight will not end with the Jan Lokpal Bill. There is corruption in land being forcibly taken away from farmers for builders and companies. Farmers are being forced to commit suicide. We have to fight for them. The education system has become so corrupt that we have to pay money to get our children admitted in schools and colleges. This chain of corruption has to be broken. We have to change the system."
Mr. Hazare was joined on the dais for a while by the former Law Minister and co-chairman of the joint Lokpal Bill drafting panel, Shanti Bhushan, who said that if the government had the "political will," it could withdraw the Lokpal Bill and pass the Jan Lokpal Bill in Parliament by August 30 through a "whip."
"The Bill can be introduced on Tuesday in the Lok Sabha, and discussed on Wednesday and Thursday. It can then be sent to the Rajya Sabha where discussions can easily be concluded by August 29-30 and the Bill passed," he said, adding that, on many occasions, Bills have been passed within minutes of tabling, without any discussion or debate.
Asked if Mr. Hazare's demands did not amount to "blackmail," Team Anna said he was not holding a gun to the head. If he did not agitate, the Lokpal will be hanging fire for another 42 years.
Keywords: Anna Hazare arrest, Tihar Jail, Anna Hazare fast, Jan Lokpal, anti-corruption movement, India Against Corruption, civil society, Ramlila Maidan, Arvind Kejriwal
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2376862.ece
BJP to launch nationwide agitation from August 25
NEENA VYASSHARE · COMMENT (3) · PRINT · T+
Terms Prime Minister's appeal for consensus on Lokpal Bill "hollow"
The Bharatiya Janata Party has termed Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's appeal for a consensus on a Lokpal Bill "hollow" and announced a nationwide agitation to intensify the protest against corruption from August 25.
With the Left-led group of parties announcing their plan for a nationwide protest for August 23, the earlier suggestion of a coordinated opposition action by Janata Dal (United) president Sharad Yadav has not materialised. On Saturday, he said some parties felt "the time for coordinated action between the BJP-led opposition and the Left-led group has not yet arrived."
Chalking out strategy
General secretaries of the BJP and some office-bearers, who were in town, met here, even as the party's brass conferred with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh leadership in Ujjain to work out a strategy to deepen the anti-government mood.
After the Ujjain meeting, RSS general secretary Suresh Joshi issued a statement, appreciating the "massive public support" to various campaigns by the RSS fronts such as the Youth Against Corruption run by the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Bharat Swabhiman Trust "under the tutelage of Swami Ramdev."
He further said 'swayamsevaks' were "actively associating themselves with all other efforts to fight corruption [that is, Team Anna's campaign] and will continue to fight against corruption." Finally, Mr. Joshi said it was important for "all these movements" to "channelise their energy and work in synergy."
In fact, those close to the RSS indicated that this had happened, but now an official message, asking all RSS organisations to work with and for Mr. Hazare's campaign, was sent out.
Just three days ago, senior leader L.K. Advani gave his party's game away when he publicly said the issue was no longer about an effective Lokpal Bill but about getting rid of the Manmohan Singh government "which had lost the mandate."
A few months ago, before Team Anna descended on the capital — before Mr, Hazare's fast at Jantar Mantar — Mr. Advani had lamented that while the government's stock was low and people were discontented, the fact was "there is no J.P. [Jayaprakash Narayan]," unlike in 1975, to help coalesce a joint Opposition. A few months later, Mr. Hazare was presented to the country not as J.P. 2 but as Mahatma Gandhi 2, sitting against the backdrop of the favourite RSS pictorial depiction of 'Bharat Mata' and the crowds chanting 'Vande Mataram.'
On Saturday, the BJP said the Youth Against Corruption has been asked to mobilise an additional 10 lakh youths. Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha president Anurag Thakur has been given this task. The anti-corruption mood is to be taken down to the district and village levels.
In Ujjain, it is learnt, the RSS leadership conferred not only with the BJP but with all its other wings. While the meeting had been fixed months ahead, the Anna phenomenon was the focus of the discussions over the past three days.
"All front organisations all over India will participate in this," BJP spokesperson Prakash Javadekar said. The protest will take the form of torchlight processions, meetings, gatherings and larger rallies.
Keywords: anti-corruption movement, BJP, UPA government, Hazare fast, Lokpal Bill
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2376895.ece
Give us our bill or leave: Anna to government
New Delhi: On the sixth day of his hunger strike, social activist Anna Hazare Sunday vowed to continue his protest to maintain pressure on the government till parliament passes the civil society's version of an anti-graft bill.
- 91%9%
PM weighs in; rules out Aug 30 deadline
Manmohan says 'strong and effective" Lokpal is in but Team Anna deadline of August 30 is out
- 31%69%
PM says "in favour of strong, effective Lokpal; will strive for broad consensus"
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said on Tuesday that while his government was for a "strong and effective" Lokpal, it may be not possible for the government to pass the bill within the Team Anna deadline of August 30.
- 39%61%
Anna's hyperbole may yet produce a strong Lokpal
Although the Manmohan Singh government has been battered and bruised by its inept handling of civil society activists, the latter's claim of being harbingers of a second independence movement has also begun to wear thin.
- 17%83%
Dollar hegemony
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- This article describes the ideas of Henry C.K. Liu. For the topic of Jean Gabriel's book The Dollar Hegemony: Dollar, Dollarization, and Progress (2000), see dollarization.
Dollar hegemony is the hypothesized monetary hegemony of the US dollar in the global economy. Henry C.K. Liu popularized the term in a widely circulated and quoted[citation needed] article "Dollar Hegemony has to go" in Asia Times, April 11, 2002. The article was quoted by William Clark[1] in January 2003, Immanuel Wallerstein of the Fernand Braudel Center on June 1, 2003,[2] Greg Moses,[3] James Robertson in April 2004[4] and subsequently by many others.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Definition
The term describes a geopolitical phenomenon of the 1990s in which the U.S. dollar, a fiat currency, became the primary reserve currencyinternationally. Three developments allowed dollar hegemony to emerge over a span of two decades.
- The Bretton Woods system established in 1945 a fixed exchange rate regime based on a gold-backed dollar. The US did not view cross-border flow of funds necessary or desirable for promoting trade or economic development. Due to negative consequences accruing due to the Triffin dilemma, in 1971 President Richard Nixon abandoned the Bretton Woods regime and suspended the dollar's peg to gold as U.S. fiscal deficits from overseas spending caused a massive drain in U.S. gold holdings.
- The second development was the denomination of oil in dollars after the 1973 Middle East oil crisis; see petrodollars.
- The third development was the emergence of deregulated global financial markets after the Cold War that made cross-border flow of funds routine.
A general relaxation of capital and foreign exchange control in the context of free-floating exchange rates made speculative attacks on the exchange rates of currencies a regular occurrence. These three developments permitted the emergence of dollar hegemony in the 1990s. At the end of the 20th century it was for the most part undisputed that the US dollar is the most important reserve currency in the world. As of 2007, it still has the largest share (65.7%) of foreign reserve holdings, with the euro some distance behind at 25.2%.[5] However since 2000, the dollar share is falling and the euro share is rising, though the trend is very gentle.
[edit]See also
Related concepts
[edit]References
[edit]External links
 | Look up hypothesis inWiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Dollar Hegemony Has Got To Go by Henry C.K. Liu, Asia Times Online, April 11, 2002
- The Coming Trade War, Part 2 Dollar hegemony against sovereign credit by Henry C.K. Liu, Asia Times Online, June 24, 2005
- China steady on the peg by Henry C.K. Liu, Asia Times Online, December 1, 2004
- House Member Ron Paul on the Dollar hegemony
- Primacy of Dollar and Global Inequality by Niraj Kamal
India-USA Strategic Partnership - The advent of the inevitable
by Dr. Subhash Kapila
President Clinton's five day visit to India in March 2000 could hopefully in the years to come be looked as the "Advent of the Inevitable (term borrowed with thanks from Tanvir Ahmad Khan, Head of Pakistan's Institute of Strategic studies referring to US shifts in South Asian Policies) in terms of an India-USA strategic partnership. For more than fifty years the United States and India stood apart as 'estranged democracies' when there were more than enough political and strategic compulsions on both sides in the late 1940's and early 1950's to have entered into a strategic partnership.To be fair, it must be recorded that the United States was the first to make overtures on this account, only to be rebuffed by the India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with his obsessive attachment to the policies of non-aligned. The "mantra" of non-aligned followed by Nehru and his successors could not prevent three wars on India by Pakistan and one by China besides a host of insurgencies on the peripheries. In the darkest hours of India's military history, the 1962 debacle of the Sino-Indian War, it was the United States which promptly responded with military and equipment aid and a fleet of C-130 transport aircraft to ferry Indian formations to Ladakh and the North-East. India's policies of non-alignment during the Cold War were suspect in American eyes and on certain issues critical to USA, Indian pronouncements were perceived as anti-USA. Indian foreign policies under Nehru and Indira Gandhi were highly personalized to build a healthy relationship with the United States.
The United States too has to shoulder a fair share of the blame and especially in the 1970's and 1980s for the estrangement. US policies then made possible the intrusive entry of China in South Asia's political and strategic calculations. In the 1990's President Clinton and his advisers have to shoulder blame for their permissiveness in allowing China to complete the nuclear weaponisation of Pakistan and the build-up of its missile armoury, which besides strategically discomfiting India, could some day impact on US strategic interest in the Gulf and Central Asian Republics.
President Clinton's visit to India last month was therefore, preceded by misgivings on its outcome especially with mutual reservations on a host of contentious issues- Pakistan, Kashmir, Nuclear Proliferation, CTBT etc. Retrospectively, it now seems that in terms of future India-US relations, President Clinton's visit was worthwhile. No spectacular results may have emerged, but in the eyes of the Indian public, a perception that was hither-to-fore missing was that India does have a friend in the United States. To those who can dispense with existing mindsets , a 'vision' was on the horizon that this friendship could be emerged into a partnership and that too a strategic partnership in the years to come.
There are many factors and considerations on both sides, which should prompt the emergence of a strategic partnership between the United States and India.
United States- Factors that should prompt seeking a strategic partnership with India.The "New World Order" and "Peace Dividends" envisaged by the United States policy makers at the end of the Cold War, and perceived as a US victory by them, did not come about. Admittedly the United States emerged as the unipolar global super power with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, but this was also accompanied by newer and greater strategic uncertainties due to the shattering of the predictable bi-polar strategic template.
Moving into the 21st century, a whole new set of complex strategic developments stare the United States in its face and these could and should prompt it to seek a strategic partnership with India. These are:
* China's emergence as a major military threat in the Asia Pacific with enough manifestations and indications that it would wish to challenge US predominance in the region.
* Russia's potential re-surgence as an assertive player not only in the European affairs but more so in the Asia-Pacific and with possibilities in the Middle east alter the 2000' global strategic equations.
* Emerging strategic partnership between Russia and China, complicates strategic equation on the Western rim of the Pacific.
* Islamic fundamentalist challenges in the Gulf, Afghanistan, Pakistan and some of the Central Asian Republics, seem hell bent on challenging the United States and West.
* US forward military presence being diluted in vital strategic regions by withdrawal of base facilities particularly in Asia-Pacific, affecting sea-lanes security.
* Pakistan's potential Talibanisation and fouling up the South West Asia scene along with Afghanistan.
All of the above factors make a call on the United States to seek newer strategic partnerships wider a field than its erstwhile Cold War alliances and relationships. Military dictatorships, authoritarian regimes and sheikhdoms cannot provide USA with the sinews to face the emerging global challenges. Natural partners for such challenges for USA can only be vibrant democracies, where changes of power are peaceful and where economic growth is assured.
India- Factors demanding a strategic partnership with the United States
The much vaunted and flaunted non-aligned strategy enunciated and imposed on India by its first Prime Minister has been a failure. It could not prevent four wars being imposed on India and unending insurgencies on its peripheries. On the other hand it brought about the intrusive presence of USA and China into South Asia and attempts by both to strategically balance India for what they perceived as a tilt towards USSR. India failed to recognize the true import of Gorbachev's Vladivostok Declarations of 1985 - sell out to Chinese national interests, and a return of the Russian tilt towards China.
Entering the 21st century. India has to take serious note of the following political strategic developments in the international and regional security environment:
* China continues to be the long range security threat to India and becoming more potent by the day with its preponderance of nuclear weapons and military might over India.
* Pakistan has emerged as a nuclear weapon state in South Asia with exclusive Chinese assistance along with a threatening missile armoury.
* The China-Pakistan strategic nexus in South Asia continues unabated and is likely to be reinforced further with Clinton's policy pronouncements on South Asia and the growing estrangement between USA and China.
* Islamic fundamentalists have generated the single most damaging threat to India, externally and internally, sponsored and launched by Pakistan and funded by Saudi Arabia. This threat cannot be handled singly by India.
* Russia, strategically considered a friend by successive Indian Govts has a decade ago, rhetoric aside, given enough indications of forging a quasi strategic alliance with China to checkmate USA in the Asia - Pacific. Russia neither has countervailing power nor would it use it in favour of India to avoid annoying the Chinese.
The above indicators strongly point out that India has to shed its non aligned mindsets. To protect its national security interests, India needs to break out of its earlier politico-strategic straitjacket and opt for newer options. The United States provides the single - most important, dynamic and strategically rich option to India.
India-USA Strategic Partnership: Convergence of Interests
A solid India-USA strategic partnership can be built around the many areas of convergence of interest, both political and strategic. Logically there could be:
* The United States has vital strategic interests in the middle East/Gulf region and south east Asia. The former sits on the worlds largest reserves of the energy and the latter sits astride the strategic choke points linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. For India too both these regions are critical to its national security interests.
* Both USA and India value " the freedom of the high seas" and more specifically the sea-lanes that emanate from the Hormuz Straits and radiate towards the West and East.
* Islamic fundamentalism is a live threat to India and domestic threat in the making of the United States. Both USA and India stand labeled as enemies by Islamic fundamentalist organisations. The roots of this threat lie in South West Asia - Pakistan and Afghanistan to be precise. Concerted action is required by USA and India. Russia and China too would be willing partners.
* 'Status-quo' needs to be maintained in the existing strategic equilibrium in Asia-Pacific security architecture. Both USA and India have a convergent stake in this.
* With geo-economics supplanting geo strategic and geo political considerations in international relations and partnerships, the joint potential for USA and India is vast and rich. However, geo-economics walks on the two legs o f geo politics and geo strategic and therefore, a USA - India strategic partnership becomes inevitable.
Conclusion
India has to transcend the blinkered mindsets with which it viewed US policies in South Asia i.e. through the Pakistani prism or the Chinese Prism. India with its pretensions to big powers status must first learn to think big and also dispel others misperceptions of being a soft state. The United States psyche in the conduct of international relations is conditioned by its 'frontier spirit' psyche, which recognizes power and respects power. To those Indians who whine that USA does not give big muscle and use it like China does. Strategic ambiguities are the tools of weak nations. The strong nations declare and demonstrate their intentions.
The United States has given enough recognition to India's power potential through President Clinton's visit and his pronouncements and those of the accompanying officials. The United States has made it abundantly clear that it is drawing curtains on its special Cold War relationship with Pakistan. This should also imply discarding the policies of strategically balancing India through Pakistan. President Clinton has also seconded Indian positions on crucial issues like Kashmir and state sponsored terrorism, in marked contrast to the record in his first term as President. Indian policy and decision makers could not have expected more.
http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers2/paper120.htmlThe joint declaration made in New Delhi during President Clinton's visit i.e. "India-US Relations: A Vision for the 21st century" incorporates two important statements- 'Natural partnership of shared endeavours'and more importantly that "In many ways the character of the 21st century will depend on the success of our cooperation for peace, prosperity and democracy and freedom". Peace , prosperity, democracy and freedom cannot be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be achieved through politico-strategic initiatives with the strategic predominating. The "Vision" of India-US relations, jointly seen, should therefore, logically incorporate the development of a strategic partnership, prompted by the imperatives discussed about. President Clinton's visit to India, it is hoped heralds the advent of the inevitable.
22.4.2000(Dr.. Kapila is a Researcher with South Asia Analysis Group)
IDSA COMMENT
The Bandwagoning-Balancing Game: Contradictions of the India-US Partnership
The last decade saw the world's largest and strongest democracies – India and USA – getting closer after a tumultuous period of bilateral relationship during the Cold War. The bonhomie between the two countries started with the dialogue between Jaswant Singh and Strobe Talbot during the Clinton administration. However, it was the Presidency of George W. Bush that saw the relationship blooming to its fullest; President Bush was the one who called India and US as "natural partners". Such has been the legacy of India-US ties during the Bush era that even President Obama has found it difficult to fit in the shoes of his predecessor. In fact, it is because of the momentum generated during the Bush regime that the new Democratic administration could not change the direction of the Indo-US strategic partnership.
However, the continuing saga of US-India relationship is not without contradictions. These contradictions are most evident in India's foreign policy vis-à-vis USA. On one hand India seems to use the USA's global clout to its advantage. Whether it is the permanent seat for India of the United Nations Security Council or Indian membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), India has been constantly entreating the USA for its support. On the other hand, India is also trying to softly balance American hegemony by challenging America's approach on democracy and human rights as well as ganging up with other rising powers to lobby for a multi-polar world. Therefore, leaving aside the rhetoric of US-India strategic partnership, it is important not to overlook the contradictions that beset India's relations with the USA.
Strategy of Bandwagoning
During his visit to New Delhi last year, President Obama hailed the India-US partnership as "the most defining and indispensable relationship of 21st century". It was also during this visit that the USA for the first time openly supported India's bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council. On India's persistence, it also agreed to help India obtain the membership of four important instruments of the non-proliferation regime - the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Australia Group. Finally, India also successfully lobbied for removal of technology restrictions on its space and defence establishments.
Clearly, India's relations with the USA are in tune with the phenomenon of "bandwagoning the powerful". Rising powers often piggyback on strong states to smoothen their rise in the global order. The most crucial evidence of India's bandwagoning strategy is the India-US Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement of 2008. Having decided not to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, for more than four decades India remained on the margins of the global nuclear order. It was President Bush who initiated the dialogue on bringing India back into the mainstream of international nuclear politics. And when push came to shove at the Nuclear Suppliers Group and International Atomic Energy Agency, the USA ensured India's accommodation into the non-proliferation regime which it had so assiduously built during the Cold War. France and Russia – the so called other great powers – always wanted to do nuclear business with India, but it was only the USA that who could bring India out of its nuclear exile. The very reason why the nuclear deal was perceived as the cornerstone of a rising India was the fact that the USA, the world hegemon, had accepted India's candidature in the great power club. Simply put, beyond the rising state's power capabilities, the perception of its rise by other Great Powers, especially the hegemon, is what matters in global politics.
The Balancing Game
India's foreign policy, vis-à-vis the USA, however, appears to be, to borrow a phrase from Robert Kaplan's Monsoon, an "ultimate paradox". A number of recent incidents indicate that India is trying to softly balance America's global hegemony while simultaneously bandwagoning with it. India, for instance, refused to vote in support of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 and thereby implicitly supported the murderous regime of Col. Gaddafi in Libya. Though its anxieties about Kashmir are obvious, it is far too apparent, given India's stature and power capabilities, that external intervention in Kashmir is just not possible. When seen in combination with India's decision to support Syria in its candidature for the United Nations Human Rights Council even in the light of serious human rights violations by the Assad regime, it is amply clear that India is uncomfortable with the American discourse on democracy and the promotion of democracy.
India also vehemently supports the idea of a multi-polar world order, most evident in the proceedings of multilateral settings such as the BRICS. Interestingly, neither is India a pole in global politics since its power capabilities are limited, nor has there been any thorough appraisal in New Delhi of the consequences of multi-polarity on global stability and peace. India seems to have taken for granted the advantages of an anti-hegemonic alliance even though its own rise partially depends on America's continued hegemony.
Lastly, even after the personal exhortations of President Obama, India did not consider the bids of two US aviation giants for providing the Medium Multiple-Role Combat Aircraft to the Indian Air Force. Many prominent strategic analysts such as Ashley Tellis had called the successful fruition of such a deal, worth more than $10 billion, as the next important step in bilateral relations. The official response from the Indian side for the rejection of these bids has been that the aircraft offered by Lockheed Martin and Boeing fall short of the criteria set by the IAF and, therefore, on purely technical grounds the bids of these two companies was rejected.
However, in all these foreign policy decisions of India, the attributes of a soft balancing strategy are quite evident. First, at least in principle, India does admit that the promotion of democracy is good for peace and stability. Its constant complaints about authoritarian governance in Pakistan and the role of the Pakistan military in fomenting trouble against India is a case in point. Further, India's peaceful rise on the global stage has been attributed to India's democratic credentials and India is gung-ho about it. Clearly, therefore, India's uncooperative attitude on the issues of Libya and Syria is not based on principles but basically aims at balancing the influence of those states, especially the USA, which currently control the dynamics of global politics.
Second, even though India's continued rise in global politics is contingent upon America's global primacy, it openly sides with the other rising powers when it comes to extolling the virtues of multi-polarity. For instance, most of India's immediate objectives on the world stage – a permanent seat in the UN Security Council or membership of multilateral groups like NSG – very much depend upon the support of the USA and the latter's ability to play a global leadership role. But, India's rhetoric on multi-polarity dents the legitimacy of US global hegemony.
Lastly, as far as India's arms procurement policy is concerned, India has often purchased weapons based on shrewd political calculations rather than on technical capabilities alone. India's decision to buy weapons from the Soviet Union during the Cold War and its attempts to diversify its arm supplies after the Cold War were both motivated by politics and what suited India's national interests, and not particularly the requirements of its defence forces in that particular global context. Therefore, the argument that technical specifications determined the course of the MMRCA decision is a non-starter. Therefore, what can be inferred from the decision is the presence of latent scepticism in India about the United States as well as the imperative of not becoming overly dependent upon the USA.
Conclusion
Locating the irony of abysmally low living standards in a huge economy, Martin Wolf calls India a "premature superpower". However, the metaphor is equally befitting for the strategic thought presently ruling the roost in India's approach towards the USA. This simultaneous bandwagoning-balancing game reflects nothing more than overconfidence in India's strategic elites that India has already arrived on the global stage and that it is far too important for the USA. Another factor which may explain this paradoxical foreign policy is India's unhappiness with certain American policies especially in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which it considers inimical to its national interests. However, if India wants the USA to be more sensitive to its regional concerns, positive engagement is the only way forward; India cannot influence American policies by working against US interests.
In Politics among Nations, Hans Morgenthau noted that the most rational foreign policy is the one defined by national interests and dispassionate assessment of national power; and not a policy defined on the basis of how states perceive themselves or their value judgements. In a world where US primacy will remain a distinctive feature for a considerable time to come, India will require American global leadership to realise its own national interests. For that to happen, Indian foreign policy should remain sensitive to US interests and concerns.
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... jobs in July as the unemployment rate ticked up for the third straight month to 7.8 percent is reviving fears of an impendingdouble-dip recession. ... -
TAIEX plunges on fears of a double-dip recession
Taipei Times - Crystal Hsu - 2 days ago
... back of heavy falls in Europe and Wall Street overnight, as fears over a new global recession deepened, driving investors across Asia to dump shares. ... -
Double-dip fear as markets seek reassurance
The Independent - Laura Chesters - 19 hours ago
Indeed, the market is so uncertain that on Friday a call put into HSBC for comment on whether we are heading into double-dip recession was refused. ... -
Double-Dip Recession: What the experts believe
Irish Independent - Seamus Coffey - 2 days ago
As stock markets tanked this week with no economic news good enough the stop the rot, is the world economy heading for a dreaded double-dip recession? ... -
Is the world heading for a double-dip recession?
Peninsula On-line - 19 hours ago
Wall Street economists warned that the world could be on the brink of a new recession; eurozone countries fell out (again) about how to tackle Greece's ... -
Stocks Tumble, Double-Dip Recession "Likely" Says Morgan Stanley
MyStateline.com - Alex de Leon - 1 day ago
Fears of a double-dip recession were justified when investment bank, Morgan Stanley, released a statement saying, "Our forecasts show the US [is] hovering ...World markets slump amid double-dip fears The Nation Newspaper
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World on brink of double-dip recession, warns Morgan Stanley ifaonline.co.uk
SamayLive - Toronto Star
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Spero News - 1 day ago... came after Wall Street investment bank Morgan Stanley warned that the US and eurozone economies were "dangerously close" to a double-dip recession. ...Asian stocks plummet on fears of double-dip recession in US, Europe Monsters and Critics.com
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Wall Street's skewed view on double-dip recession
Irish Times - Charlie Fell - 2 days ago
First, a "true" double-dip recession, where the level of real GDP during the up-cycle fails to exceed the previous business peak, has never before occurred ...Rachel, we're down from all the bad news Media Life Magazine
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Economy sinks Obama? Washington Post (blog)
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Emerging markets
Emerging markets are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. Based on data from 2006, there are around 28 emerging markets in the world[citation needed] (data from 2010 says there are 40 emerging markets[citation needed]). The economies of China and India are considered to be the largest.[1] According to The Economist many people find the term outdated, but no new term has yet to gain much traction.[2] Emerging market hedge fund capital reached a record new level in the first quarter of 2011 of $121 billion.[3]
The ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, launched on January 1, 2010, is the largest regional emerging market in the world.[4]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Terminology
In the 1970s, "less economically developed countries" (LEDCs) was the common term for markets that were less "developed" (by objective or subjective measures) than the developed countries such as the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. These markets were supposed to provide greater potential for profit, but also more risk from various factors. This term was felt by some to be not positive enough so the emerging market label was born. This term is misleading in that there is no guarantee that a country will move from "less developed" to "more developed"; although that is the general trend in the world, countries can also move from "more developed" to "less developed".
Originally brought into fashion in the 1980s by then World Bank economist Antoine van Agtmael,[5] the term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies, but really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described by or constrained to geography or economic strength; such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing anddeveloped status. Examples of emerging markets include Indonesia, Iran, some countries of Latin America, some countries in Southeast Asia, most countries in Eastern Europe, Russia, some countries in the Middle East, and parts of Africa. Emphasizing the fluid nature of the category, political scientist Ian Bremmer defines an emerging market as "a country where politics matters at least as much as economics to the markets".[6]
The research on emerging markets is diffused within management literature. While researchers including C. K. Prahalad, George Haley,Hernando de Soto, Usha Haley, and several professors from Harvard Business School and Yale School of Management have described activity in countries such as India and China, how a market emerges is little understood.
In the 2008 Emerging Economy Report,[7] the Center for Knowledge Societies defines Emerging Economies as those "regions of the world that are experiencing rapid informationalization under conditions of limited or partial industrialization." It appears that emerging markets lie at the intersection of non-traditional user behavior, the rise of new user groups and community adoption of products and services, and innovations in product technologies and platforms.
The term "rapidly developing economies" is being used to denote emerging markets such as The United Arab Emirates, Chile and Malaysia that are undergoing rapid growth.
In recent years, new terms have emerged to describe the largest developing countries such as BRIC that stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China,[8] along withBRICET (BRIC + Eastern Europe and Turkey), BRICS (BRIC + South Africa),BRICM (BRIC + Mexico) , BRICK (BRIC + South Korea), Next Eleven (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam) and CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa).[9] These countries do not share any common agenda, but some experts believe that they are enjoying an increasing role in the world economy and on political platforms.
It is difficult to make an exact list of emerging (or developed) markets; the best guides tend to be investment information sources like ISI Emerging Markets and The Economist or market index makers (such as Morgan Stanley Capital International). These sources are well-informed, but the nature of investment information sources leads to two potential problems. One is an element of historicity; markets may be maintained in an index for continuity, even if the countries have since developed past the emerging market phase. Possible examples of this are South Korea[10] and Taiwan. A second is the simplification inherent in making an index; small countries, or countries with limited market liquidity are often not considered, with their larger neighbours considered an appropriate stand-in.
In an Opalesque.TV video, hedge fund manager Jonathan Binder discusses the current and future relevance of the term "emerging markets" in the financial world. Binder says that in the future investors will not necessarily think of the traditional classifications of "G10" (or G7) versus "emerging markets". Instead, people should look at the world as countries that are fiscally responsible and countries that are not. Whether that country is in Europe or in South America should make no difference, making the traditional "blocs" of categorization irrelevant.
The Big Emerging Market (BEM) economies are (alphabetically ordered): Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland,Russia, South Africa, South Korea[10] and Turkey.[11]
Newly industrialized countries are emerging markets whose economies have not yet reached first world status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts.
Individual investors can invest in emerging markets either through ADRs (American depositor Receipts - stocks of foreign companies that trade on US stock exchanges) or through exchange traded funds (exchange traded funds or ETFs hold basket of stocks). The exchange traded funds can be focused on a particular country (e.g., China, India) or region (e.g., Asia-Pacific, Latin America).
[edit]FTSE list
The FTSE Group distinguishes between Advanced and Secondary Emerging markets on the basis of their national income and the development of their market infrastructure. The Advanced Emerging markets are classified as such because they are upper middle income GNI countries with advanced market infrastructures or high income GNI countries with lesser developed market infrastructures.[12][13]
The Advanced Emerging markets are:
 Brazil |  Czech Republic[14] |  Hungary |  Malaysia[14] |  Mexico |
 Poland |  South Africa |  Taiwan[15] |  Turkey[14] |
The Secondary Emerging markets include some upper middle, lower middle and low income GNI countries with reasonable market infrastructures and significant size and some upper middle income GNI countries with lesser developed market infrastructures. The secondary emerging markets are:
 Chile |  China |  Colombia[16] |  Egypt |  India |
 Indonesia |  Morocco |  Pakistan |  Peru |  Philippines |
 Russia |  Thailand[17] |  UAE |
[edit]MSCI list
As of May 2010, MSCI Barra classified the following 21 countries as emerging markets:[18]
The list tracked by The Economist is the same, except with Hong Kong, Singapore and Saudi Arabia included (MSCI classifies the first two as developed markets and the third one as a frontier market).
[edit]S&P list
As of 31 December 2010, Standard and Poor's classified the following 19 countries as emerging markets[19]:
The United Arab Emirates, 
Qatar, and 
Jordan are currently under review for being upgraded to the status of emerging market by S&P. [20]
[edit]Dow Jones list
As of May 2010, Dow Jones classified the following 35 countries as emerging markets:[21]
[edit]BBVA Research
In November of 2010, BBVA Research introduced a new economic concept, to identify a key emerging markets.[22] This classification is divided in two set of developing economies.
EAGLEs (Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies): Expected Incremental GDP in the next 10 years to be larger than the average of the G7 economies, excluding the US.
NEST: Expected Incremental GDP in the next decade to be lower than the average of the G6 economies(G7 excluding the US) but higher than Italy's.
[edit]Emerging Markets Index
The Emerging Markets Index is a list of the top 65 cities in emerging markets. The following countries had cities featured on the list (as of 2008):
[edit]Among the lists
If we plot the lists above to table below, there are only 3 countries always appear in every list (Next Eleven/BRIC, CIVETS, FTSE, MSCI, The Economist, S&P, Dow Jones). They are Indonesia, Turkey, and Egypt. Indonesia and Turkey, which have been categorized as four emerging markets. Egypt, since January 25, 2011, has been affected by protests and is now in a transition process.
Country | Next-11/BRIC | CIVETS | FTSE | MSCI | THE ECONOMIST | S&P | DOW JONES | EAGLEs/Nest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina | . | . | ||||||
 Bahrain | . | |||||||
 Bangladesh | . | . | ||||||
| Brazil | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
 Bulgaria | . | |||||||
| Chile | . | . | . | . | . | |||
| China | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| Colombia | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Czech Republic | . | . | . | . | . | |||
| Egypt | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
 Estonia | . | |||||||
 Hong Kong | . | |||||||
| Hungary | . | . | . | . | . | |||
| India | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| Indonesia | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
 Iran | . | |||||||
| Jordan | . | |||||||
 Kuwait | . | |||||||
 Latvia | . | |||||||
 Lithuania | . | |||||||
| Malaysia | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
 Mauritius | . | |||||||
| Mexico | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
| Morocco | . | . | . | . | . | |||
 Nigeria | . | . | ||||||
 Oman | . | |||||||
| Pakistan | . | . | . | . | ||||
| Peru | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Philippines | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
| Poland | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Qatar | . | |||||||
 Romania | . | |||||||
| Russia | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
 Saudi Arabia | . | |||||||
 Singapore | . | |||||||
 Slovakia | . | |||||||
| South Africa | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
 Sri Lanka | . | |||||||
 South Korea | . | . | . | . | ||||
| Taiwan | . | . | . | . | . | |||
| Thailand | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Turkey | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| UAE | . | . | ||||||
 Vietnam | . | . | . |
[edit]Global Growth Generators
"Global Growth Generators", or 3G (countries), is an alternative classification determined by Citigroup analysts as being countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010-2050. These consist of Indonesia, Egypt (but not Turkey), seven other emerging countries, and two countries not previously listed before, specifically Iraq and Mongolia. The only country to appear in all emerging market lists or groups is Indonesia.[23]
[edit]Six major emerging economies
According to World Bank issued at May 2011, BRIC countries plus South Korea and Indonesia will lead the world's economy with more than a half of all global growth by 2025.[24]
[edit]See also
- Next Eleven
- Emerging market debt
- Pre-emerging markets
- Developed market
- Frontier markets
- North-South divide
- Emerging Markets Index
- Tehran Stock Exchange
- Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies
[edit]References
- ^ "Emerging Economies and the Transformation of International Business" By Subhash Chandra Jain. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006 p.384
- ^ "Acronyms BRIC out all over". The Economist (The Economist). September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ http://www.investoo.co.uk/emerging-markets-hedge-funds-at-record-levels/
- ^ "China-ASEAN FTA prompts growing trade among border cities". channelnewsasia.com (Singapore: MediaCorp). January 5, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ FT.com / Columnists / John Authers - The Long View: How adventurous are emerging markets?
- ^ [1]
- ^ Emerging Economy Report
- ^ Five Years of China's WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism, Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263-304, 2006. by Paolo Farah
- ^ "After BRICs, look to CIVETS for growth - HSBC CEO"
- ^ a b Classified by FTSE as a developed market.
- ^ Yale University Library: Emerging Markets - The Big Ten Countries
- ^ See FTSE Country Classification, September 2010
- ^http://www.ftse.com/Research_and_Publications/FTSE_Glossary.jsp
- ^ a b c Moved to Advanced Emerging from June 2011. See:http://www.ftse.com/Indices/Country_Classification/Downloads/Sept%202010/FTSE_Country_Classification_Sept_2010_Update.pdf
- ^ Possible promotion to Developed.
- ^ Possible demotion to Frontier.
- ^ Possible promotion to Advanced Emerging.
- ^ MSCI Emerging markets.
- ^ The S&P Global Broad Market Index, 31 December 2010; p. 2.
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/12/gulf-upgrade-idUSL6E7IC06P20110712
- ^ Dow Jones Total Stock Market index.
- ^http://www.bbvaresearch.com/KETD/fbin/mult/EconomicWatchEM140211_i_tcm348-249020.pdf
- ^ BRICS is passe, time now for '3G' http://www.business-standard.com/india/printpage.php?autono=126725&tp=on
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/18/ri-may-become-one-six-major-economies.html
Investment Issues in Emerging Markets - Research Foundation of CFA Institute
[edit]Sources
- Goldman Sachs Paper No.134 BRIMC (English)
- CIVETS countries - Colombia Official Investment Portal (English)
- Michael Pettis, The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of Financial Collapse (2001) ISBN 0-19-514330-2
- Julien Vercueil, Les pays émergents. Brésil Russie Inde Chine... mutations économiques et nouveaux défis ('Emerging Countries. Brazil Russia India China... : economic transformations and new challenges', in French). Paris : Bréal, 2010, 207 p. ISBN 978-2-7495-0957-0
[edit]External links
- What Are Emerging Markets? University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development
- Emerging Markets Review Emerging Markets: A Review of Business and Legal Issues
- Emerging Markets & Hedge Funds Hedge Fund Strategy - Emerging Markets Fund
- Emerging Market Economies, Global Trade Imbalances, and the U.S. Dollar, Q&A with Pieter Bottelier (Johns-Hopkins-SAIS) on emerging markets and global imbalances
- Antoine Van Agtmael speaker biography and session description for the 2009 World Business Forum where Agtmael leads a panel discussion on Emerging Markets
- Emerging markets: leading the way to recovery Grant Thornton International Business Report
- Winning in Emerging Markets: Five Key Supply Chain Capabilities by Edgar E. Blanco. MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics.
- Emerging Money Education, trading analysis, and comprehensive views of global emerging markets.
- How multinationals and local companies can win in emerging markets
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JP's Total Revolution : ammishra blogs on sulekha, Creative blogs ...
mishra.sulekha.com/blog/post/2007/11/jp-s-total-revolution.htm - Cached16 Nov 2007 – JP's Total Revolution - JP stoo for Total Revolution. What did he mean? Are we more free today than when he propounded it?
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Total revolution
www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/total_revolution.htm - Cachedbrief information about life and works of jayaprakash narayan. -
The Hindu : JP's 'total revolution'
7 Jan 2003 – In this lies the whole philosophy of JP's total revolution. The gist of this concept is presented in his letter to people of Bihar and an extract from ...
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Jayaprakash Narayan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to Bihar Movement and Total Revolution: It was during this movement that JP gave a call for peaceful Total RevolutionTogether with V. M. Tarkunde ...
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Bihar Movement and Total Revolution
www.brandbharat.com/.../jaiprakash_narayan_totalrevolution.html- CachedIt was during this movement that JP gave a call for peacefulTotal Revolution Together with V. M. Tarkunde, he founded the Citizens for Democracy in 1974 and ...
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Awakening To Total Revolution
Awakening To Total Revolution. The following article is excerpted from Vimala Thakar's Spirituality and Social Action: A Holistic Approach (Berkeley: Vimala ...
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Egyptians push for 'total revolution' - YouTube
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNwpM2Xace02 min - 15 Jul 2011 -Uploaded by AlJazeeraEnglish
It has been more than five months since Egyptians first massed in the streets demanding change. The 18-day mass protests led to ouster of ... -
Business: Detroit's Total Revolution - TIME
19 Mar 1979 – The fuel crunch and federal demands speed the shift to smaller models "Almighty God," intoned the solemn speaker, "we thank thee for the ...
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Egyptians Push for 'Total Revolution'
therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option... - United States - Cached17 Jul 2011 – Al Jazeera: Anger is rising again, among Egyptians who say the revolution is far from over.
Jayaprakash Narayan
| Bharat Ratna, Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | October 11, 1901 Sitabdiara, Saran, Bihar, India |
| Died | October 8, 1979 Patna[1], Bihar, India |
| Organization | Indian National Congress,Janata Party |
| Political movement | Indian Independence movement, Sarvodaya movement, Emergency movement |
| Signature |  |
Bharat Ratna Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan (Devanāgarī: जयप्रकाश नारायण; October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP Narayan, Jayaprakash, or Loknayak (leader of the masses), was an Indian independence activist and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s and for giving a call for peaceful Total Revolution. His biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist friend and an eminent writer of Hindi literature, Ramavriksha Benipuri. In 1998, he was posthumously awarded theBharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965. The airport of Patna is also named after him.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Early life
Jayprakash Narayan was born in a Kayastha Family in Sitabdiara village of BALLIA Uttar Pradesh. When he was a child, he had many pets. One day, his pigeon died and he did not eat food for two days afterward. His father Harsudayal was a junior official in the canal department of the State government and was often touring the region. Jayaprakash, called Baul affectionately, was left with his grandmother to study in Sitabdiara. There was no high school in the village, so Jayaprakash was sent to Patna to study in the Collegiate School. He excelled in school. His essay, "The present state of Hindi in Bihar", won a best essay award. He entered the Patna College on a Government scholarship.Jayaprakash Narayan joined "Bihar Vidyapeeth" founded by Dr. Rajendra Prasad for motivating young meritorious youths and was among the first students of eminent Gandhian Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha , a close colleague of M. K. Gandhiwho later became first Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.\\\\\\\
[edit]JP and Marxism
Though JP was practically a committed Marxist, he was convinced that the communists in India must join the main stream of the struggle for National Liberation even if it was under the hegemony of the so-called bourgeoisie. On his way back to India, he had met Clemenus Dutt, brother of Rajani Palme Dutt and other communist leaders in London and discussed with them the issue of India's freedom & revolution. JP, who had read Lenin's famous "Colonial thesis" calling upon the communists in the "Slave" countries to take active part in the national freedom struggle, was not convinced of Dutt's argument. Later when JP joined the nationalist freedom movement, he was surprised to find that Indian communists were following the line which Clemenus Dutt advocated. JP could not understand the rationality of the fight against the Indian National Congress which was fighting for the freedom of the country.
[edit]Return to India
After returning to India, Narayan joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; M. K. Gandhi became his mentor in the Congress. He shared the same house at kadam kuan in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Sinha (Shrivastava).[2] with whom he shared the most cordial and lasting friendship.[2] During the Indian independence movement he was arrested, jailed, and tortured several times by the British. He won particular fame during the Quit India movement.
After being jailed in 1932 for civil disobedience against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in Nasik Jail, where he met Ram Manohar Lohia,Minoo Masani, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Mehta, Yusuf Desai and other national leaders. After his release, the Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as President and Narayan as General secretary.
During the Quit India Movement of 1942, when senior Congress leaders were arrested in the early stages, JP, Lohia and Basawon Singh (Sinha) were at the forefront of the agitations. Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as "the political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx." He was also a great advocate of corelation "SAHJEEVAN"
Initially a defender of physical force, Narayan was won over to Gandhi's position on nonviolence and advocated the use of satyagrahas to achieve the ideals of democratic socialism. Furthermore, he became deeply disillusioned with the practical experience of socialism in Nehru's India.
After independence and the death of Mahatma Gandhi, Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Basawon Singh (Sinha) led the CSP out of Congress to become the opposition Socialist Party, which later took the name Praja Socialist Party. Basawon Singh (Sinha) became the first leader of the opposition in the state and assembly of Bihar and Acharya Narendra Deva became the first leader of opposition in the state and assembly of U.P. His party is the first national party who distributed tickets on caste line. This was the point where Jayaprakash Narayan disagreed with the party principles and pursued Sarvodey and Lokniti.
[edit]Sarvodaya
On April 19, 1954, Narayan announced in Gaya that he was dedicating his life (Jeevandan) toVinoba Bhave's Sarvodaya movement and its Bhoodan campaign, which promoted distributing land to Harijans (untouchables). He gave up his land, set up an ashram inHazaribagh, and worked towards uplifting the village.
In 1957, Narayan formally broke with the Praja Socialist Party in order to pursue lokniti[Polity of the people], as opposed to rajniti [Polity of the state]. By this time, Narayan had become convinced that lokniti should be non-partisan in order to build a consensus-based, classless, participatory democracy which he termed Sarvodaya. Narayan became an important figure in the India-wide network of Gandhian Sarvodaya workers.
In 1964, Narayan was vilified across the political spectrum for arguing in an article in theHindustan Times that India had a responsibility to keep its promise to allow self-determination to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. He hit back at critics in a second article, dismissing the Indian version of the "domino theory" which held that the rest of India's states would disintegrate if Kashmir were allowed its promised freedom. In his graceful if old-fashioned style, Narayan ridiculed the premise that "the states of India are held together by force and not by the sentiment of a common nationality. It is an assumption that makes a mockery of the Indian Nation and a tyrant of the Indian State".
[edit]Bihar Movement and Total Revolution
Narayan returned to prominence in State politics in the late 1960s. In 1974, he led the student's movement in the state of Bihar which gradually developed into a popular people's movement known as the Bihar movement. It was during this movement that JP gave a call for peaceful Total Revolution Together with V. M. Tarkunde, he founded the Citizens for Democracy in 1974 and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 1976, both NGOs, to uphold and defend civil liberties.
[edit]Emergency
When Indira Gandhi was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court, Narayan called for Indira to resign, and advocated a program of social transformation which he termed Sampoorna kraanti [Total Revolution]. Instead she proclaimed a nationalEmergency on the midnight of June 25, 1975, immediately after Narayan had called for the PM's resignation and had asked the military and the police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders; JP, opposition leaders, and dissenting members of her own party (the 'Young Turks') were arrested on that day.
Jayaprakash Narayan attracted a gathering of 100,000 people at the Ramlila Grounds and thunderously recited Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar''s wonderfully evocative poetry: Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai.[3]
Narayan was kept as detenu at Chandigarh even after he had asked for a month's parole for mobilising relief in areas of Bihar gravely affected by flood. His health suddenly deteriorated on October 24, and he was released on November 12; diagnosis at Jaslok Hospital, Bombay, revealed kidney failure; he would be on dialysis for the rest of his life.
"Free JP" campaign was launched in UK by Surur Hoda and chaired by Nobel Prize winner Noel- Baker for the release of Jayaprakash Narayan.[4]
After Indira revoked the emergency on January 18, 1977 and announced elections, it was under JP's guidance that the Janata Party (a vehicle for the broad spectrum of the anti-Indira Gandhi opposition) was formed. The Janata Party was voted into power, and became the first non-Congress party to form a government at the Centre. On the call of Narayan many youngesters joined the J P movement.
[edit]Trivia
Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979 due to effects of diabetes and heart ailments; but a few months before that, in March 1979, his death was erroneously announced by the Indian prime minister to the parliament as he lay fighting for his life in Jaslok Hospital, causing a brief wave of national mourning, including the suspension of parliament and regular radio broadcasting, and closure of schools and shops. When he was told about the gaffe a few weeks later, he smiled.
The then Prime Minister of India Shri Charan Singh declared 07 days mourning on the death of Jayaprakash Narayan calling him, " the conscience of the nation"
[edit]Awards
- Bharat Ratna, 1999
- Rashtrabhushan Award of FIE Foundation , Ichalkaranji [5]
[edit]Bibliography
Why Socialism? CSP Varansi 1936.War Cirulars,1-4 CSP,Lucknow.Inside Lahore Fort, Sahityalaya Patna 1947.Nation Building in India-JP Narayan.Three Basic Problems of India. From Socialism to Sarvodaya, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1957.A Plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1959.Swaraj for the People, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1961.Sarvodaya Answer to Chinese Aggression, Sarvodaya Prachuralaya Tanjore 1963.Face to Face, Navchetna Prakashan, Varansi 1970.Prison Diary, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha Calcutta 1976 and Popular Prakashan, Bombay 1977.
Edited works of JP: Towards Struggle, edited by Yusuf Meherally Padma Publications, Bombay 1946.Socialism,Sarvodaya and Democracy, edited by Bimal Prasad Asia Publishing House Bombay 1964.Communitarian Society and Panchayti Raj, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varansi 1970.Nation-Building in India, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varansi 1974.Towards Revolution, edited by Bhargava and Phadnis, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1975. J.P's Jail Life (A Collection of Personal Letters) translated by G S Bhargava, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1977. Towards Total Revolution, edited by Brahmanand Popular Prakashan Bombay 1978. J P:Profile of a non-conformist, Interviews by Bhola Chatterji, Minerva Associates, Calcutta, 1979.To All Fighters of Freedom II, A Revolutionary's Quest-selected writings of Jayprakash Narayan, edited by Bimal Prasad Oxford University Press New Delhi 1980.Concept of Total Revolution: An Introductory Essay(JP and social change) by Bimal Prasad
Biographies and Books on JP : Red Fugitive:Jayaprakash Narayan by H L Singh Dewans Publications Lahore 1946.Life and Time of Jayaprakash Narayan by J S Bright Dewans Publications Lahore 1946. Jayaprakash Narayan: A Political Biography by Ajit Bhattacharyajea Vikas Publications New Delhi 1975.J.P :His Biography, Allan and Wendy Scarfe, Orient Longmans New Delhi 1975.Jayaprakash:Rebel Extraordinary, by Lakshmi Narayan Lal, Indian Book Company New Delhi 1975.Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, by Suresh Ram Macmillan Co. Delhi 1974. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan by Farooq Argali Janata Pocket Books Delhi 1977.
Jayaprakash Narayan, Essential Writings, 1929-1979.J.P.-India's Revolutionary Number One.Editor,B.N. Ahuja.Is J.P. the Answar?Minoo Masani. J.P.'s Mission Partly Accomlished-Minoo Masani.Who was this Man-Minoo Masani.J.P.'s crusade for Revolution-Vasant Nargolkar.J.P Vindicated-Vasant Nargolkar. Unacknowledged Aeronaut (An analysis of J P Movement) by Achyutanand Prasad.Jaypeocracy :Theory and Practice by Achyutanand Prasad.J.P-From Marxism to Total Revolution by Ramchndra Gupta. Jayaprakash Narayan and the Future of Indian Democracy-Editor, T K Mahadevan. Protest Movements in Two Indian States (A study of Gujarat and Bihar Movements)by Ghanshyam Shah. Jayaprakash Narayan:His life and Thought, Commemorative Volume, J.P's 61st Birthday Celebration Committee,Madras,1963. Jayaprakash Narayan: Abhinandan Granth(English and Hindi) Editor,K.L Sharma,1978.The Quest and the Goal, Commemorative Volume, J.P's 76th Birthday Celebration Committee,Madras,1979.Bihar Shows the way(With 96 Illustrations) by Raghu Rai and Sunanda K. Dutta Ray. Politics of the JP Movement-Radhakant Barik. Real Face of JP's Total Revolution-Indradeep Sinha. Jayaprakash Narayan analysed through Gandhian Prism-Hari Kishore Thakur.Total Revolution for All-Rammurti.Jayprakash Narayan:His Socialist Ideology-S R Bakhshi.Glipmpses of The JP Movement-R N Dweadi.
- Bimal Prasad (editor). 1980. A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan. Oxford University Press, Delhi ISBN 0195612043
- Jai Prakash Narain, Jayaprakash Narayan, Essential Writings, 1929-1979: A Centenary Volume, 1902–2002, Konark Publishers (2002)ISBN 8122006345
- Dr. Kawaljeet, J.P.'s Total Revolution and Humanism (Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2002). ISBN 81-86935-02-9
- Dr. Ramendra (editor), Jayaprakash Vichar Sankalan [Hindi] (Patna: Rajendra Prakashan, 1986).
- Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, Leftism in India: 1917-1947 (London and New Delhi: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
[edit]References
- ^ Inconvenient Prophet
- ^ a b Ralhan, O.P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.. pp. 17998 (at pages 73–74). ISBN 9788174888655.
- ^ Harish Khare (2001-05-16). "Obligations of a lameduck". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ [1] Guardian Obituaries by George McRobie
- ^ On April 30, 1977, Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan was conferred the title "Rashtra Bhushan" with a cash award of Rs. One lakh. The presentation was made by Mr. M. C. Chagla.
[edit]External links
- A plea for the reconstruction of Indian polity
- Total revolution
- On Hindu revivalism
- Magsaysay award acceptance speech; Citation
- Biography
- Small story showing his greatness
- JP's visit to an RSS camp, as told by Sita Ram Goel in "Perversion of India's Political Parlance"
- JP's Total Revolution and Humanism by Dr. Kawaljeet
- JP information from Gandhi museum
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Economy of the United States
| Economy of the United States | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rank | 1st (nominal) / 1st (PPP) |
| Currency | United States Dollar (USD) |
| Fiscal year | October 1 – September 30 |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $14,527 trillion (2010)[1] (1st, nominal and PPP) |
| GDP growth | 3.0% (2010)[1] |
| GDP per capita | $46,844 (2010)[2] (17th, nominal; 6th, PPP) |
| GDP by sector | agriculture: (1.2%), industry: (21.9%), services: (76.9%) (2009 est.) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 2.1% (February 2011)[3] |
| Population below poverty line | 14.3% (2009)[4] |
| Gini index | 45 (List of countries) |
| Labor force | 154.5 million (includes unemployed) (2009 est.) |
| Labor force by occupation | farming, forestry, and fishing: 0.7% manufacturing, extraction, transportation, and crafts: 20.3% managerial, professional, and technical: 37.3% sales and office: 24.2% other services: 17.6% note: figures exclude the unemployed (2009) |
| Unemployment | 9.2% (June 2011) |
| Main industries | petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace,telecommunications, chemicals, creative industries, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining, defense, biomedical research and health care services, computers and robotics |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 5th[5] |
| External | |
| Exports | $1.280 trillion f.o.b (2010)[1] |
| Export goods | agricultural products (soybeans, fruit, corn) 9.2%, industrial supplies (organic chemicals) 26.8%, capital goods (transistors, aircraft, motor vehicle parts, computers, telecommunications equipment) 49.0%, consumer goods (automobiles, medicines) 15.0% (2009) |
| Main export partners | Canada, 13.2%; Mexico, 8.3%; China, 4.3%;Japan, 3.3%. (2009)[6] |
| Imports | $1.948 trillion c.i.f. (2010)[1] |
| Import goods | agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys) (2009) |
| Main import partners | China, 15.4%; Canada, 11.6%; Mexico, 9.1%;Japan, 4.9%; Germany, 3.7%. (2009)[6] |
| FDI stock | $2.398 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Gross external debt | $14.39 trillion (30 Sept 2010)[7] |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | $14.77 trillion (Jun 2011)[8] 100% of GDP |
| Revenues | $2.162 trillion (2010)[9] |
| Expenses | $3.456 trillion (2010)[9] |
| Economic aid | ODA $19 billion, 0.2% of GDP (2004)[10] |
| Credit rating | |
| Foreign reserves | US$140.607 billion (May 2011)[14] |
| Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars | |
- Throughout this article, the unqualified term "dollar" and the $ symbol refer to the US dollar.
The economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy. Its nominal GDP was estimated to be nearly $14.7 trillion in 2010,[1] approximately a quarter of nominal global GDP.[15][16] Its GDP at purchasing power parity was also the largest in the world, approximately a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity.[15] The U.S. economy also maintains a very high level of output per capita. In 2009, it was estimated to have a per capita GDP (PPP) of $46,381, the 6th highest in the world. The U.S is the largest trading nation in the world. Its three largest trading partners as of 2010 are Canada, China and Mexico.
Historically, the U.S. economy has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate, a low unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investment funded by both national and, because of decreasing saving rates, increasingly by foreign investors. It has been the world's largest national economy since the 1870s[17][18]and remains the world's largest manufacturer, representing 19% of the world's manufacturing output. In 2009, consumer spending, coupled with government health care spending constituted 70% of the American economy.[19] About 30% of the entire world's millionaire population reside in the United States (in 2009).[20]Furthermore, 34% of the world's billionaires are American (in 2011).[21][22] The US is also home to the world's largest stock exchange, the New York Stock Exchange. It also boasts the world's largest gold reserves and the world's largest gold depository, the New York Federal Reserve Bank. The United States is also home to 139 of the world's 500 largest companies, which is almost twice that of any other country.[23] A large contributor to the country's success has also been a very strong and stable currency. The US dollar holds about 60% of world reserves, as compared to its top competitor, the euro, which controls about 24%.
Since the 1960s, the United States economy absorbed savings from the rest of the world. The phenomenon is subject to discussion among economists. The USis by far the most heavily invested-into country in the world, with foreign investments made in the US measuring almost $2.4 trillion, which is more than twice that of any other country.[24] The US is also by far the largest investor in the world, with US investments in foreign countries totaling over $3.3 trillion, which is almost twice that of any other country.[25] Like other developed countries, the United States faces retiring baby boomers who have already begun withdrawing money from Social Security; however, the American population is young and growing when compared to Europe or Japan. The United States public debt is in excess of $14 trillion and continues to grow at a rate of about $5.48 billion each day by direct calculation between December 31, 2010 and July 31, 2011.[26][27]Total public and private debt was $50.2 trillion at the end of the first quarter of 2010, or 3.5 times GDP.[28] Domestic financial assets totaled $131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities totaled $106 trillion.[29] Due in part to the amount of both public and private investment, the economy of the United States is regarded as a type of mixed economy.
The American labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and in 2009 ranked 16th in terms of net migration rate. The United States is ranked fourth, down from first in 2008-2009 due to the economic crisis, in the Global Competitiveness Report.[30] The country is one of the world's largest and most influential financial markets, home to major stock and commodities exchangeslike NASDAQ, NYSE, AMEX, CME, and PHLX.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Historical summary
[edit]Early development
The economic history of the United States has its roots in European settlements in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The American colonies went from marginally successful colonial economies to a small, independent farming economy, which in 1776 became the United States of America. In 180 years the United States grew to a huge, integrated, industrialized economy that still makes up over a quarter of theworld economy[citation needed]. The main causes were a large unified market, a supportive political-legal system, vast areas of highly productive farmlands, vast natural resources (especially timber, coal and oil), a cultural landscape that valued entrepreneurship, a commitment to investing in material and human capital, and at times a willingness to exploit labor. In addition, the U.S. was able to utilize these resources due to a unique set of institutions designed to encourage utilization and extraction.[citation needed] As a result, the U.S.'s GDP per capita converged on and eventually surpassed that of the U.K., as well as other nations that it previously trailed economically. The economy has maintained high wages, attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world.[31]
In the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises.
During the 19th century, America began trading Opium alongside a few countries to China, which was incredibly lucrative. Because of this, two wars were taken place between the Opium Traders and China - First Opium War and Second Opium War.
The Panic of 1837 was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and then-record-high unemployment levels.[32] Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries, it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to early recessions.[33] Recessions after World War II appear to have been less severe than earlier recessions, but the reasons for this are unclear.[34] The Depression of 1893was one of the worst in American history, with the unemployment rate exceeding 10% for half a decade.[35]
[edit]Since the Great Depression
For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, when danger of recessionappeared most serious, the government sought to strengthen the economy by spending heavily itself or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more, and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1930s and the 1980s. From the New Deal era that began in 1933, to the Great Societyinitiatives of the 1960s, national policy makers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence the economy. The approach, advanced by British economist John Maynard Keynes, gave elected officials a leading role in directing the economy, since spending and taxes are controlled by the U.S. President and the Congress. The economy and living standards grew strongly during this era, but a period of high inflation, interest rates and unemployment after 1973 weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity.[36] Following a series of periodic credit tightening measures designed to combat inflation, a combination of loose monetary policy and record budget deficits, both financed with foreign direct investment and public debt, became routine economic policy after 1981.[citation needed]
The U.S. economy grew by an average of 3.8% from 1946 to 1973, while real median household income surged 55% (or 1.6% a year).[4][37]The economy since 1973, however, has been characterized by both slower growth (averaging 2.7%), and nearly stagnant living standards, with household incomes increasing by 10%, or only 0.3% annually.[4] The worst recession in recent decades, in terms of lost output, occurred during the 2008 financial crisis, when GDP fell by 4.1% from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009. Other significant recessions took place in 1957–58, when GDP fell 3.7%, following the 1973 oil crisis, with a 3.1% fall from late 1973 to early 1975, and in the 1981–82 recession, when GDP dropped by 2.9%.[38][39] Recent, mild recessions have included the 1990–91 downturn, when output fell by 1.3%, and the 2001 recession, in which GDP slid by 0.3%; the 2001 downturn lasted just eight months.[39] The most vigorous, sustained periods of growth, on the other hand, took place from early 1961 to mid 1969, with an expansion of 53% (5.1% a year), from early 1991 to late in 2000, at 43% (3.8% a year), and from late 1982 to mid 1990, at 37% (4% a year).[38]
Since 1976, the US has sustained trade deficits with other nations, and since 1982, current account deficits; the nation's long-standing surplus in its trade in services was maintained, however, and reached US$140 billion yearly in 2008 and 2009. In recent years, the primary economic concerns have centered on: high household debt ($11 trillion, including $2.5 trillion in revolving debt),[40] high net national debt ($9 trillion), high corporate debt ($9 trillion), high mortgage debt (over $15 trillion as of 2005 year-end), high unfunded Medicare liability ($30 trillion[citation needed]), high unfunded Social Security liability ($12 trillion)[citation needed], high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders), high trade deficits, a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (-24% of GDP),[41] and high unemployment.[42] In 2006, the U.S economy had its lowest saving rate since 1933.[43] These issues have raised concerns amongeconomists and national politicians.[44]
The United States economy experienced a crisis in 2008 led by a derivatives market and subprime mortgage crisis, and a declining dollar value.[45] On December 1, 2008, the NBER declared that the United States entered a recession in December 2007, citing employment and production figures as well as the third quarter decline in GDP.[46] The recession did, however, lead to a reduction in record trade deficits, which fell from $840 billion annually during the 2006-08 period, to $500 billion in 2009,[38][47] as well as to higher personal savings rates, which jumped from a historic low of 1% in early 2008, to nearly 5% in late 2009.[48]
In 1980, the U.S. public debt was $909 billion - or an amount equal to 33.3% of America's gross domestic product (GDP). By 1990, that number had more than tripled to $3.2 trillion - or 55.9% of GDP.[49] In 2001 the national debt was $5.7 trillion; however, the debt-to-GDP ratio remained at 1990 levels.[50] Debt levels rose quickly in the following decade, and on January 28, 2010, the US debt ceiling was raised to $14.3 trillion dollars.[51] Based on the 2010 U.S. budget, total national debt will grow to nearly 100% of GDP, versus a level of approximately 80% in early 2009.[52] The White House estimates that the government's tab for servicing the debt will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019,[53]up from $202 billion in 2009.[54]
The U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that, at the end of 2006, non-US citizens and institutions held 44% of federal debt held by the public.[55]China, holding $801.5 billion in treasury bonds, is the largest foreign financier of the record U.S. public debt.[56]
[edit]Overview
A central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces.[57] This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement,[58] as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts. Today, the United States is home to 29.6 million small businesses, 30% of the world's millionaires, 40% of the world's billionaires, as well as 139 of the world's 500 largest companies.[21][23][59][60] From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science andinnovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Great Inventions, including items such as the airplane,internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, LCDand LED technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, electric motor, and ATM.[61]
The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent, and the Great Lakes—five large, inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada—provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.[62]
The number of workers and, more importantly, their productivity help determine the health of the U.S. economy. Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force, a phenomenon that is both cause and effect of almost constant economic expansion. Until shortly after World War I, most workers were immigrants from Europe, their immediate descendants, or African Americans who were mostly slaves taken from Africa, or slave descendants.[63] Beginning in the early 20th century, many Latin Americans immigrated; followed by large numbers of Asians following removal of nation-origin based immigration quotas.[64] The promise of high wages brings many highly skilled workers from around the world to the United States. Over 13 million people entered the United States during the 1990s alone.[65]
Labor mobility has also been important to the capacity of the American economy to adapt to changing conditions.[citation needed] When immigrants flooded labor markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, often to farmland waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic opportunities in industrial, northern cities attracted black Americans fromsouthern farms in the first half of the 20th century, in what was known as the Great Migration.
In the United States, the corporation has emerged as an association of owners, known as stockholders, who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs. Brought on by the process of mass production, corporations, such as General Electric, have been instrumental in shaping the United States. Through the stock market, American banks and investors have grown their economy by investing and withdrawing capital from profitable corporations. Today in the era of globalization, American investors and corporations have influence all over the world. The American government is also included among the major investors in the American economy. Government investments have been directed towards public works of scale (such as from the Hoover Dam), military-industrial contracts, and the financial industry.
While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government has a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in at least four areas, as the government uses a capitalist system. Strong government regulation in the U.S. economy started in the early 1900s with the rise of the Progressive Movement; prior to this the government promoted economic growth through protective tariffs and subsidies to industry, built infrastructure, and established banking policies, including the gold standard, to encourage savings and investment in productive enterprises. On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[66]
[edit]Education
There are 4,352 colleges, universities, and junior colleges in the United States.[67] In 2007, Americans stood second only to Canada in the percentage of 35 to 64 year olds holding at least two-year degrees. Among 25 to 34 year olds, the country stands tenth. The nation stands 15 out of 29 rated nations for college completion rates, slightly above Mexico and Turkey.[68] According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools.[69]
[edit]Employment
There are approximately 154.4 million employed individuals in the US. Government is the largest employment sector with 22 million.[70] Small businesses are the largest employer in the country representing 53% of US workers.[59] The second largest share of employment belongs to large businesses, who employ a total of 38% of the US workforce.[59] A total of 91% of Americans are employed by the private sector. Governmentaccounts for 8% of all US workers. Over 99% of all employing organizations in the US are small businesses.[59] The 30 million small businesses in the USA account for 64% of net new jobs (jobs created minus jobs lost).[59]70% of jobs created in the last decade were by small business.[71] The proportion of Americans employed by small business versus large business has remained relatively the same year by year as some small businesses become large businesses and just over half of small businesses survive more than 5 years.[59] Amongst large businesses, several of the largest companies and employers in the world are American companies. Amongst them are Walmart, the largest company and the largest private sectoremployer in the world, which employs 2.1 million people world-wide and 1.4 million in the US alone.[72][73]
There are nearly 30 million small businesses in the USA. Minorities in the US, such as Hispanics, African Americans, Asian Americans, andNative Americans (35% of the country's population),[74] own 4.1 million of the country's businesses. Minority-owned businesses generate almost $700 billion in revenue and employ almost 5 million workers in the US.[59]
The median household income in the US as of 2008 is $52,029.[75] 284,000 working people in the US have two full-time jobs and 7.6 million have a part-time job in addition to their full-time employment.[70] 12% of working individuals in the US belong to a labor union with the majority of labor union members being government workers.[70]
In May 2009, the unemployment rate was 9.4%.[76] A broader measure of unemployment (taking into account marginally attached workers, those employed part time for economic reasons, and discouraged workers) was 15.9%.[77] In 2009 and 2010, following the financial crisis of 2007–2010, the emerging problem of jobless recoveries resulted in record levels of long-term unemployment with over 6 million workers looking for work longer than 6 months as of January, 2010. This particularly affected older workers.[42] Since the recession's end in June 2009 in the United States, immigrants have gained 656,000 jobs, while U.S.-born workers lost more than a million jobs.[78]
In April 2010, the official unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%.[79] In the period between February 2008 and February 2010, the number of people working part time for economic reasons has increased by 4 million to 8.8 million, that is a 83% increase in part time workers during the two year period.[80]
Female unemployment continued to be significantly lower than male unemployment (7.5% vs. 9.8%). The unemployment among Caucasians continues to be much lower than African American unemployment (at 8.5% vs. 15.8%).[76] The youth unemployment rate was 18.5% in July 2009, the highest July rate since 1948.[81] 34.5% of young African American men were unemployed in October 2009.[82] Officially, Detroit's unemployment rate is 27%, but Detroit News suggests that nearly half of this city's working-age population may be unemployed.[83]
[edit]Income and wealth
According to the United States Census Bureau, the pretax median household income in 2007 was $50,233. The median ranged from $68,080 in Maryland to $36,338 in Mississippi.[84]
In 2007, the median real annual household income rose 1.3% to $50,233, according to the Census Bureau.[85] The real median earnings of men who worked full time, year-round climbed between 2006 and 2007, from $43,460 to $45,113. For women, the corresponding increase was from $33,437 to $35,102. The median income per household member (including all working and non-working members above the age of 14) was $26,036 in 2006.[86]
The recently released US Income Mobility Study showed economic growth resulted in rising incomes for most taxpayers over the period from 1996 to 2005. Median incomes of all taxpayers increased by 24 percent after adjusting for inflation. The real incomes of two-thirds of all taxpayers increased over this period. Income mobility of individuals was considerable in the U.S. economy during the 1996 through 2004 period with roughly half of taxpayers who began in the bottom quintile moving up to a higher income group within 10 years. In addition, the median incomes of those initially in the lower income groups increased more than the median incomes of those initially in the higher income groups.[87]
Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[88] Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.[89] The Fed also said that at the end of 2008, the debt owed by nonfinancial sectors was $33.5 trillion, including household debt valued at $13.8 trillion.[90]
In 2007, financial analyst Gary Shilling estimated that 52.6% of all Americans received a significant portion of their income from the federal government.[91]
[edit]Financial position
The overall financial position of the United States as of 2009 includes $50.7 trillion of debt owed by US households, businesses, and governments, representing more than 3.5 times the annual gross domestic product of the United States.[28] As of the first quarter of 2010, domestic financial assetsA totaled $131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities $106 trillion.[29] Tangible assets in 2008 (such as real estate andequipment) for selected sectorsB totaled an additional $56.3 trillion.[92]
[edit]Sectors
[edit]Retailing
Retailing is a major sector of the economy of the United States; indeed, it is often credited with "leading" the economy. Consumer goods are commonly obtained through international trade, but many consumer products are available that are "made in America".[93][94] In 2011 it was reported that rising commodity and fuel prices and labor costs in China were exerting upward pressure on prices creating a dilemma for retailers who lost sales during the Great Recession and continue to face a weak market.[95]
Major retail firms in the United States include Walmart, Montgomery Ward,Sears, Amazon.com, Target, Macy's, McDonalds, Burger King, Safeway, A & P, and The Home Depot.[citation needed] Some, such as Walmart and KFCserve a global market.[citation needed] Outside of the agricultural sector, thecooperative movement is anemic in the United States.[citation needed]
[edit]Energy
The United States is the largest energy consumer in terms of total use, using 100 quadrillion BTUs (105 exajoules, or 29000 TWh) in 2005. The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per-capita after Canada and a number of other countries.[96][97] The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 23% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 6.8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included.[98]
American dependence on oil imports grew from 24% in 1970 to 65% by the end of 2005. At the current rate of unchecked import growth, the US would be 70% to 75% reliant on foreign oil by the middle of the next decade.[99] Transportation has the highest consumption rates, accounting for approximately 68.9% of the oil used in the United States in 2006,[100] and 55% of oil use worldwide as documented in the Hirsch report.
[edit]Agriculture
Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food. With vast tracts of temperate arable land, technologically advanced agribusiness, and agricultural subsidies, the United States controls almost half of world grain exports.[101]
Products include wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; forest products; fish.
[edit]Manufacturing
The United States is the world's largest manufacturer, with a 2007 industrial output of US$2.69 trillion. In 2008, its manufacturing output was greater than that of the manufacturing output of China, India, and Brazil combined, despite manufacturing being a very small portion of the entire US economy as compared to most other countries.[102][dead link]
Main industries include petroleum, steel, automobiles, construction machinery, aerospace, agricultural machinery, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, and mining.
The US leads the world in airplane manufacturing,[103] which represents a large portion of US industrial output. American companies such asBoeing, Cessna (see: Textron), Lockheed Martin (see: Skunk Works), and General Dynamics produce a vast majority of the world's civilian and military aircraft in factories stretching across the United States.
The manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy has experienced substantial job losses over the past several years.[104] In January 2004, the number of such jobs stood at 14.3 million, down by 3.0 million jobs, or 17.5 percent, since July 2000 and about 5.2 million since the historical peak in 1979. Employment in manufacturing was its lowest since July 1950.[105] The number of steel workers fell from 500,000 in 1980 to 224,000 in 2000.[106]
The U.S. produces approximately 21% of the world's manufacturing output, a number which has remained unchanged for the last 40 years. The job loss during this continual volume growth is explained by record breaking productivity gains. In addition, growth in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, heavy machinery and other industries along with declines in low end, low skill industries such as clothing, toys, and other simple manufacturing have resulted in U.S. jobs being more highly skilled and better paying.[citation needed]
[edit]Finance
Measured by value of its listed companies' securities, the New York Stock Exchange is more than three times larger than any other stock exchange in the world.[107] As of October 2008, the combined capitalization of all domestic NYSE listed companies was US$10.1 trillion.[108]New York City is the financial capital of the world alongside London.
NASDAQ is another American stock exchange and the world's 3rd largest exchange after the New York Stock Exchange and Japan's Tokyo Stock Exchange. However NASDAQ's trade value is larger than Japan's TSE.[107] NASDAQ is the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the USA. With approximately 3,800 companies and corporations, it has more trading volume per hour than any other stock exchange.[109]
[edit]International trade
The United States is the world's largest trading nation. Since it is the world's leading importer, there are many U.S. dollars in circulation all around the planet. The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as gold and petroleum.
Large foreign economies like China, Japan and the member states of the European Union own huge dollar reserves (especially as the US is more in debt) so there is a fear that they will move away from the dollar.[110] China's reserves are more than $2 trillion, the world's largest.[111] China owns an estimated $1.6 trillion of U.S. securities.[112]
In 2008, the total U.S. trade deficit was $695.9 billion,[113] which is $1.8 trillion in exports minus $2.5 trillion in imports.[114] The deficit on petroleum products was $386.3 billion.[115] The trade deficit with China was $266.3 billion, a new record and up from $304 million in 1983.[116] The United States had a $144.1 billion surplus on trade in services, and $821.2 billion deficit on trade in goods in 2008.[117]
To fund the national debt (also known as public debt), the United States relies on selling U.S. treasury bonds to people both inside and outside the country, and in recent times a growing percent of buyers are international.
[edit]Economic predictions and forecasting
Predictions about the direction of the United States economy in the short term and long term are crucial factors in determining federal government policies, business decisions, and Federal Reserve decisions. Several institutions make economic predictions, including: Global Insight, and the UCLA Anderson Forecast. Various state agencies, including the California Department of Finance, also make predictions.[citation needed]
[edit]Currency and central bank
The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States. The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions.[118] Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency.[119]
The federal government attempts to use both monetary policy (control of the money supply through mechanisms such as changes in interest rates) and fiscal policy (taxes and spending) to maintain low inflation, high economic growth, and low unemployment. A relatively private central bank, known as the Federal Reserve, was formed in 1913 to provide a stable currency and monetary policy. Despite significant loss of value due to inflation [1], the U.S. dollar has been regarded as one of the more stable currencies in the world and many nations back their own currency with U.S. dollar reserves.
The U.S. dollar has maintained its position as the world's primary reserve currency, although it is gradually being challenged in that role.[120]Almost two-thirds of currency reserves held around the world are held in US dollars, compared to around 25% for the next most popular currency, the Euro.[121] Rising US national debt [2] and the related rise of China have led to some, especially the Chinese, to call for replacing the dollar as the world's reserved currency, but thus far this has been only speculation.[122]
The dollar used gold standard and/or silver standard from 1785 until 1971, when it became a fiat currency. As gold tends to retain its value over long historical time periods, gold-backed currencies are generally much more stable over time than fiat currencies, and this is reflected in the decline of the value of the US dollar as the currency has become unbacked by Gold.
[edit]Government involvement
[edit]Regulations
The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways. Regulation falls into two general categories.
Some efforts seek, either directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to create state-regulatedmonopolies such as electric utilities from while allowing prices in the level that would ensure them normal profits. At times, the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well. In the years following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand. A number of other industries—trucking and, later, airlines—successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered as harmful price cutting, a process called regulatory capture.[123]
Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law, seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government—and, sometimes, private parties—have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition.[123]
Bank regulation in the United States is highly fragmented compared to other G10 countries where most countries have only one bank regulator. In the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state level. The U.S also has one of the most highly regulated banking environments in the world; however, many of the regulations are not safety and soundness related, but are instead focused on privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti-usury lending, and promoting lending to lower-income segments.[citation needed]
Since the 1970s, government has also exercised control over private companies to achieve social goals, such as improving the public's health and safety or maintaining a healthy environment. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides and enforces standards for workplace safety, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency provides standards and regulations to maintain air, water, and land resources. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates what drugs may reach the market, and also provides standards of disclosure for food products.[123]
American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, policy makers grew increasingly convinced that economic regulation protected companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking. At the same time, technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries, such as telecommunications, that once were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation.[123]
While leaders of America's two most influential political parties generally favored economicderegulation during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals. Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II, and again in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, the government relaxed labor, consumer and environmental rules based on the idea that such regulation interfered with free enterprise, increased the costs of doing business, and thus contributed to inflation. The response to such changes is mixed; many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends, prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas, including environmental protection.[123]
Where legislative channels have been unresponsive, some citizens have turned to the courts to address social issues more quickly. For instance, in the 1990s, individuals, and eventually the government itself, sued tobacco companies over the health risks of cigarette smoking. The 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreementprovided states with long-term payments to cover medical costs to treat smoking-related illnesses.[123]
[edit]Taxation
Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation. Taxes are levied by the federal government, by the state governments, and often by local governments, which may include counties, municipalities, township, school districts, and other special-purpose districts, which include fire, utility, and transit districts.
The National Bureau of Economic Research has concluded that the combined federal, state, and local government average marginal tax ratefor most workers to be about 40% of income.[124][125] The Tax Foundation concluded that government at all levels will collect 30.8% of the nation's income for 2008.[126] Tax Day, the day by which tax returns are due, is usually April 15.
[edit]Expenditure
The United States public sector spending amounts to about a third of the GDP.
Each level of government provides many direct services. The federal government, for example, is responsible for national defense, backs research that often leads to the development of new products, conducts space exploration, and runs numerous programs designed to help workers develop workplace skills and find jobs (including higher education). Government spending has a significant effect on local and regional economies—and even on the overall pace of economic activity.[citation needed]
State governments, meanwhile, are responsible for the construction and maintenance of most highways. State, county, or city governments play the leading role in financing and operating public schools. Local governments are primarily responsible for police and fire protection.[citation needed]
The welfare system in the United States began in the 1930s, during the Great Depression. After theGreat Society legislation of the 1960s, for the first time a person who was not elderly or disabled could receive a living from the American government.[127]
Overall, federal, state, and local spending accounted for almost 28% of gross domestic product in 1998.[128]
As of January 20, 2009, the total U.S. federal debt was $10.627 trillion.[129] The borrowing cap debt ceiling as of 2005 stood at $8.18 trillion.[130] In March 2006, Congress raised that ceiling an additional $0.79 trillion to $8.97 trillion, which is approximately 68% of GDP.[131] Congress has used this method to deal with an encroaching debt ceiling in previous years, as the federal borrowing limit was raised in 2002 and 2003.[132] As of October 4, 2008, the "Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008" raised the current debt ceiling to US$ 11.3 trillion.[133]
The federal government's debt rose by almost $1.4 trillion in 2009, and now stands at $12.1 trillion.[134] While the U.S. public debt is the world's largest in absolute size, another measure is its size relative to the nation's GDP. As of 2009 the debt was 83 percent of GDP. This debt, as a percent of GDP, is still less than the debt of Japan (192%) (the overwhelming number of owners of JGBs are Japanese)[135] and roughly equivalent to those of a few western European nations.[136]
[edit]See also
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Economy of the United States |
- Affluence in the United States
- Energy policy of the United States
- Economic history of the United States
- Economy of Puerto Rico
- Historical Statistics of the United States
- Household income in the United States
- Income inequality in the United States
- Income in the United States
- Labor unions in the United States
- National debt by U.S. presidential terms - includes federal spending and GDP
- Personal income in the United States
- United States federal budget
- Wealth in the United States
Events:
- Late-2000s recession
- Proposed bailout of U.S. financial system (2008)
- Subprime mortgage crisis
- Oil price increases since 2003
Lists:
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[edit]External links
- Research!America - Economic Impact of Medical Research in the U.S.
- CIA - The World Factbook - United States
- Outline of the U.S. Economy
- Bureau of Economic Analysis: Selected NIPA tables (Lots of U.S. economic data)
- U.S. Economic Calendar
- U.S. Census Bureau
- U.S. Dept of Labor - Bureau of Labor Statistics
- U.S. Dept of Commerce - Bureau of Economic Analysis
- FRB: Z.1 Release-- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States, Release Dates
- OECD's United States country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of the United States
- U.S. Energy Information Administration
- National Bureau of Economic Research (USA) Economics material from the organization that declares Recessions and Recoveries.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics–from the American Labor Department
- US Department of Commerce Economics Statistics
- The Heritage Foundation: Understanding Poverty in America
- GDP growth viz Savings rate since 1985 Comparing GDP growth rate with the Savings rate since 1985
- Gross Domestic Product Growth - USA
- Unemployment Rate - USA
- Consumer Price Index - USA
- A U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Strengthening Democracy and Progress in Latin America
- "Why There Won't Be a Revolution" by Jerry Adler, Newsweek, February 16, 2009
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