Friday, July 9, 2010

SHAKEERA,Paris Hilton and Lindsay Lohan as New Gen X Icons Around Amidst Showbiz Blitz and 3G,4G and 5G Spectrum Aimed at Complete Mind Control, Complete Degeneration!

SHAKEERA,Paris Hilton and Lindsay Lohan as New Gen X Icons Around Amidst Showbiz Blitz and 3G,4G and 5G Spectrum Aimed at Complete Mind Control, Complete Degeneration!

Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams, Chapter 516

Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™
FIFA.com - Schedule - Standings - Teams

Semi-finals
Germany	0 : 1	Spain	Highlights
Uruguay	2 : 3	Netherlands	Highlights
Upcoming matches
Match for third place
Jul 11 12:00 AM (India Standard Time) on ABC
Uruguay	vs.	Germany
Final
Jul 12 12:00 AM (India Standard Time) on ABC
Netherlands	vs.	Spain

SHAKEERA,Paris Hilton and Lindsay Lohan are Projected as New Gen X Icons while starteller Paul has captured Maximum Space in strategic marketing in Free market democracy in India suffering from Football Fever Injected to push the Consumer Culture and Sensuous Showbizz boosted with 3G, 4G and 5G Spectrum aimed at complete Mind control. In 1980, while I just started my career as a Professional journalist and indulged myself in the Coalfields and the Aboriginal Humanscape, Dhanbad cricket association arranged a Global Tour of USA and America.

Pop star Shakira will dazzle in a special Roberto Cavalli outfit while performing at the closing ceremony of the World Cup.

The outfit features a silk-fringed skirt covered in pink flowers and ethnic prints, while a separate top is embroidered with multi-coloured pearls. The look will be accessorised with leather bracelets ornately decorated with floral silk, reports contactmusic.com.
Shakira will groove to her song 'Waka Waka - This Time For Africa', the official anthem of the soccer event, just as she did at the opening ceremony.
This would be the third time that the Italian fashion designer will dress Shakira for the event. He was also the man behind two of the dresses she flaunted at the opening ceremony.

Chini Babu, GR Keshkar was the Assistant Editor in dainik Awaz. Mr Keshkar rooted in chennai and his wife, the elegant lady, Mrs Sona Keshkar were the prominent member of the team as chini babu was the office bearer of the Association. My friend, a PTI technitian, Bishwajit Biswas, also accompnied them with Bankim babu and Mukul , the partners of the Publication company. They returned with sensational stories about Night Clubs and Pubs, color TV Channels and Computers!Later, Bishwajit was misteriously drowned in a Swimming Pool celebrating the Tour. Bishwajit told me that US Generation Next is Destroyed by the Blue Film Culture!

Then, I replied, `It would Never happen in India !' As we had not seen color TV as yet. Bishwajit SURVIVED NOT to see the Transition of Indian republic into Free Market Democracy and how we did replictae Americanism in every sphere of life. Fifa world cup Scenerion has hightened the Crisis! Since Neoliberalism introduced, the Deculturalisation has taken over India and Rural strategic Marketing has worsened the Situation.Indian Media, Literature, Showbizz, Art forms are now AMERICANISED as the markets are. Topmost priority to Inforamtion Technlogy has expediated the Degeneration. ATOM family set Up is Never in a condition to educate its children as the Society is itself Uprooted. Equipped with 3G, 4G and 5G Technology, the Generation Next has landed in the virtual world while the elders now live in Reality Realty Show isolated like islands. Knowledge economy has killed the Knowledge and technology has nothing to do with the Heritage and legacy of the Nation as Plastic Money has become our nationality with which we Identify ourselves and which decides our status and stance!

I am afraid that not one or two, we do miss a set of Generation thanks to the Manusmriti Hegemony which markets Global hindutva but behaves as zionists!

TODAY - 09 July, 2010

Protection for Octopus Paul

The Spanish PM has in jest offered state protection for Paul, the psychic octopus, who received death threats from German fans. More

Special: Football World Cup 2010

It is a wonderful recognition: Mueller

Thomas Mueller was picked as one of three candidates for the World Cup's young player award.More

http://in.yahoo.com/?p=us

Facebook vs Orkut: And, the Winner is...

‎

BreakingNewsOnline. - 13 hours ago

However, Orkut is fast losing its base in India and Facebook is fast growing. ... to its failure in bringing in more apps and features too woo the GenNext. ...

Southampton Varsity researchers to design gen next wireless ...

‎

Buzz 7 - 1 day ago

The project is referred to as the India-UK Advanced Technology Centre (IU-ATC) of Excellence in Next Generation Networks Systems and Services and is being ...

Record applications receive for Gen Next & Emerging

‎

Fibre2fashion.com - 7 hours ago

Pioneered by Lakme Fashion Week (LFW) in 2006, both Gen Next and Emerging platforms are aimed at discovering and nurturing fashion design talent in India. ...

Southampton Varsity researchers to design gen next wireless ...

‎

Oneindia - 2 days ago

The project is referred to as the India-UK Advanced Technology Centre (IU-ATC) of Excellence in Next Generation Networks Systems and Services and is being ...

Adobe Youth Voices celebrates creativity with India's gen-next

‎

afaqs! - 2 days ago

A partnership between Adobe Foundation and American India Foundation, the program encourages children to explore novel ways of expressing their ideas and ...

afaqs!

Shahid goes girly

‎

IndiaGlitz - 2 days ago

Most of the top stars have tried the 'girl' formula earlier and now the gen-next dude Shahid Kapoor has tasted it as well. For a vital scene in Boney ...

IndiaGlitz

How tech is changing education in India

‎

Times of India - 24 Jun 2010

E-learning is mandatory in this age; it is definitely the need of the hour in India. The majority of people in India comprise what is called the GenNext and ...

Now, schoolchildren to get traffic lessons

‎

Deccan Herald - 4 days ago

Probably India will have to wait for Gen-Next to pass out from schools to have safe roads. One of the Centre's new plans to cut down road accidents, ...

Deccan Herald

India Readies for China Fight

‎

NDTV.com - 2 days ago

The hope behind these developments is that once the facilities are fully functional (expected to be by the end of next year), these assets will offer India ...

Adobe Youth Voices celebrates creativity with India s Gen-Next

‎

Webnewswire.com (press release) - 1 day ago

New Delhi, Delhi, July 6, 2010 /India PRwire/ -- Adobe Youth Voices, the signature philanthropic initiative by Adobe Foundation, today announced the ...

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Troubled star Lindsay Lohan has turned to Buddhism in a bid to get her through the period behind the bars. The 24-year-old actress who has been sentenced to 90 days in prison for violating the probation terms of her 2007 drugs and alcohol case, has decided to seek solace in the religion in a bid to conquer her demons, Daily Star reported online.

"Lindsay''s been fascinated in the Buddhist faith for a while as several of her inner circle follow the teachings of Buddhism. Lindsay''s devastated about the jail sentence and has been crying non-stop.

She''s been told to seek spiritual guidance and find her inner peace," a source said. "She''s decided to study the art of meditation so she can stay calm through breathing techniques while she''s in jail," the source added.

The ''Mean Girls'' star is not the only A-lister to seek peace in Buddhism at a time of need and despair as wayward comedian Russell Brand, too did the same. Other Hollywood celebrities who follow Buddhism are Orlando Bloom, Keanu Reeves, and Jennifer Lopez.

Taking the first call on 5G

9 Jul 2010, 0549 hrs IST,Pradip Baijal,

Delays and endless deliberations in decision-making have actually helped the country buy latest telecom technology, and India is now leading the world in pursuing 4G and 5G networks.

We debated for 10 years after mobile telephony was introduced across the world whether it was appropriate for the poor Indian, and when it came in, it could not grow for another 10 years owing to high tariffs and inappropriate regulation and could not reach the bottom of the pyramid.

We debated 3G also for 10 years, and now when it is coming in, it is challenged by atotally new technology. Is India, unlike the past, acquiring more confidence to experiment with new technologies, having almost the largest number of mobile subscribers in the world?

The recent 3G and WiMax auction in the country has generated interest across the world, and questions are being asked about the future of Indian telecom after these auctions and the future of WiMax and the LTETDD technology — which has entered India ahead of other countries — and a possible 5G initiative in India. These are technical terms and I must explain the changes in simple terms, as I explain the game-changing implications of these moves.

1G technology, the basic mobiles, entered the world in early 1980s, followed by 2G, or GSM, mobiles. The argumentative Indian debated till 1995 whether we should get the elite technology of mobile phones for the poor Indian. A few mobiles at the cost of a diamond pendant did enter India in 1995, but everything changed after the 'pendant' entered the base of the Indian population pyramid in 2004, courtesy low prices and tariff.

Now it is entering rural India fast without subsidy implications. The government planned teledensity of 15 and rural teledensity of 4% at a huge subsidy cost to the taxpayer, for 2010. We lagged behind targets like in all other sectors till 2004, but suddenly started treating targets with contempt and, today, we are +60% teledensity and 25% rural teledensity nation — far more than 100% teledensity for urban areas like in developed world — at a fourth of the subsidy cost for rural areas.

3G entered the world in early 2000, and almost turned many corporates bankrupt. We again debated for 10 years before letting the total personal communicator enter India . This telephone can give voice, data, pictures , broadband, maps, Google search, location , direction finder, mobile bank, TV, cloud computing — imagine a full-fledged computer in your palm — and what not.

But I now salute the argumentative Indian — that the technologies entered so late — when they had fully matured and the equipment became cheap, giving the mobile communicator market a chance to explode as the 2G market did post-2004 , and enter the bottom of the pyramid.

That would be a function of tariffs. Can we get those dream tariffs after the sector spends Rs 3 lakh crore this year and in the next three years, and at the time of renewals , as recommended by the regulator. After all, it only spent a little more than Rs 2.5 lakh crore in the 2G initiative in the last few years after introduction of mobiles, and the telecom sector has an annual turnover of Rs 1.6 lakh crore.

Nowhere has 3G initiative led to alarge increase in total turnovers or average revenue per user (Arpus). How much the Indian consumer can spend vis-à-vis his per-capita income on this experience and how much the Indian companies can sustain the huge current expenditure without sizeable incremental revenues would determine the future of the sector.

The WiMax and 4G story in India today is totally different. WiMax standards for computers and not for telephones — with convergence , they are now getting into telephones also — have been frozen by ITU recently. The process is going on for 4G, mainly LTE-FD though, while RIL and Qualcomm are talking of LTE-TDD for India , a more recent technology. Tikona, another operator, has also spoken of a likely shift.

So, the argumentative Indian is changing in a big way, after government has separated licence from spectrum, and he is experimenting with new technologies ahead of time with the confidence of being a +600 million subscriber network and people are now asking questions about 5G, in the nascent stages of development around the world, entering India.

BACK in 2003, the world chief of a major handset company, on way to Shanghai, did not want to see me in Delhi — Iwas the Indian regulator then — and rightly so, as we were 10 years behind, a thirdworld country with Hindu rate of growth in telecom too, primarily dependent on the government incumbent and government subsidies, hardly selling any phones — all the diamond pendant-like priced phones were smuggled from Singapore. It is a different matter; the group has many factories in India now, selling the same pendant for the price of artificial jewellery.

Within the last five years, as a nation, we now have the confidence to undertake R&D , test and launch new technologies in the telecom sector, and we should be grateful to our competing telecom operators to have taken major risks in our governance regimes and establishing a huge market size — only second to China with much larger rate of growth — and credibility . And now at 4G and 5G stage, we are ahead of the world in testing and competing for newer technologies.

So what are these technologies? In layman terms, it is about the speed of communication . The lower speeds could only deliver voice and some words, while the higher speeds can deliver all that I wrote above for 3G, and 4G and 5G would deliver at exponentially-higher speeds, thus giving far better video streams, faster moving pictures and much more in a ubiquitous manner.

Imagine a speed of more than 1 Gbps in 5G in comparison to 1.2 kbps, almost a million times more, of 1G, the speeds of 9.6 kbps of 2G, 2 Mbps for 3G and 100 Mbps for 4G, and higher for 5G would deliver pictures almost akin to physical presence, changing all human activities to the mobile streams and all communication to video with sound. The quality would be 4,000 times better than what we see in our best laptop connection and broadband scheme today.

Perhaps there would be no need to leave the house or vehicle for education, banking, medical treatment, meetings, and movies, and so many other forms of human economic , educational or entertainment activity very shortly. In the past, we waited hearing about these wonders happening in the West.

The Indian entrepreneurs will now give us the experience of moving ahead of the world in achieving these technology advances . South Korea in Asia led the West, including the US, in fixed broadband. Will we lead the world in mobile broadband and in 4G and 5G technologies?

(The author is former chairman of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6145448.cms
Lindsay Lohan set to make millions off post-jail interviews
ANI
New York, July 09, 2010
First Published: 19:41 IST(9/7/2010)
Last Updated: 22:08 IST(9/7/2010)

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Jail sentence might just make Lindsay Lohan richer by a few millions at least – by giving interviews of her time in prison. LiLo was sentenced to 90 days behind bars after violating terms of probation for driving under the influence in 2007. But word is that the Mean girls star will be released after

subsection stories

http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lindsay-Lohan-set-to-make-millions-off-post-jail-interviews/Article1-569882.aspx

Big B slams Paul the octopus' predictions as hoopla!

Mumbai The Germans want to kill it while the Spanish PM has promised hi-tech security for Paul, the octopus, who continues to make headlines.
And now two-year-old octopus oracle, a resident of Sea Life Aquarium in Oberhausen, Germany has attracted the attention of Bollywood megastar Amitabh Bachchan who has chosen to slam the superstition surrounding it through his blog.
Paul has achieved global fame after correctly prophesizing the winning teams in World Cup in South Africa but Bachchan doesn't seem to be impressed.
"Germany lost late in to the night/early morning our time, and the surprise of the predictions of the Octopus Paul have brought superstition right onto the front pages. The octopus had predicted a Spanish victory and so it was. This is quite amazing and ridiculous at the same time.... The Germans are wanting to eat up this octopussy with gallons of beer! Incredible!," Bachchan wrote on his blog.
The 67-year-old actor also used the opportunity to clear the air over his relationship with superstition.
Bachchan writes that a lady journalist recently asked about his fascination with sapphire rings to which the actor replied, "'Dear Maam... you are a lady, I am a man, can we not bring a ring between us!!'" and added on his blog, "Huge laughter! Topic over, PC over but that lingering feeling that astrology and superstition held sway even in the minds of spectators."
The actor then went onto clear the myth about his daughter-in -law Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's marriage to a tree to ward off bad omen and criticised media for going overboard with the story.
"Aishwarya and Abhishek marriage, and they marry her off to a tree to ward off 'mangalik' omen. Where on earth do they concoct such stories! Millions of media forum clarifications later, they still seek an answer to it. They obsess over it because a juicy story suddenly lost its ground when truth prevailed. They design a story of a simple visit to a temple as being the motive for clearing Aishwarya's bad omen. They get eminent writers to condemn this horrid act of superstition, even when they know that their facts are all wrong. Why? Why must they waste such a large amount of news print and paper over superstition?," Bachchan said.

James Cameron re-releases Avatar on August 27

Los Angeles Director James Cameron's 3D epic Avatar will see a limited re-release on August 27 with more than eight minutes of extra footage.
Titled 'Avatar: Special Edition', the film will be released worldwide, including India and play exclusively in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D.
"Audiences repeatedly told me they wanted more of Pandora, and wished they could have stayed there longer. So we're making that possible," 20th Century Fox and Cameron said in a statement.
"Avatar: Special Edition will be exclusively in 3D, and will have eight minutes of never before seen footage, including new creatures and action scenes," the Oscar-winning director added.
The makers decided to go ahead with another release because since the film's release last December, the number of 3D screens has increased.
"It is especially gratifying, because not only has 'Avatar' become one of the most beloved films in history, but after its initial theatrical release, we have been inundated with requests to re-release the film in theaters in 3D," said Jim Gianopulos and Tom Rothman, Fox Filmed Entertainment
chairmen and CEOs.
'Avatar' cost USD 230 million to make and earned $2.7 billion in worldwide box-office sales.

ANI

NASA chooses Sunita Williams for new space expeditions

Washington, July 9 (ANI): Indian-American astronaut Sunita Williams has been selected to be on the crew for one of the four new International Space Station crews.
NASA and its international partners, the Russia Federal Space Agency and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), have assigned these crews.
Other NASA astronauts include Joe Acaba, Sunita Williams and Kevin Ford.
Williams will fill in as flight engineer for Expedition 32 in May 2012, and station commander for Expedition 33.
Selected by NASA in 1998, Williams has clocked over 2770 flight hours in more than 30 different aircraft.
Williams' first space expedition occurred in 2006, where she was launched to the ISS aboard the shuttle Discovery.
She has served as a flight engineer aboard the International Space Station. As a member of the Expedition-14 crew Williams established a world record for females with four space walks totalling 29 hours and 17 minutes of EVA.
During her increment in space, she broke the existing record by Shannon Lucid, setting a new record for females of 195 days in space. (ANI)

ANI

Good looks make you an 'extrovert'

London, July 6 (ANI): If you are an attractive man or a woman, chances are that you are quite an extrovert.
Evolutionary psychologist Aaron Lukaszewski of the University of California at Santa Barbara asked 85 male and 89 female students to rate their own attractiveness relative to their peers.
The results showed that stronger and more attractive men, and more attractive women, were more extroverts.
And because strength and attractiveness have a strong genetic basis, it appears that we may learn our personalities, and adjust them to situations we find ourselves in over time.
"It's not the way psychologists have typically thought about personality," New Scientist quoted Wendy Johnson, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh, UK, as saying.
"But it is the way they should be thinking of it," Johnson added.

ANI

Recession Collection dominates second day of Chennai fashion show

Chennai, July 9 (ANI) The second day of Chennai International Fashion Week showcased the unique Recession Collection along with the latest Western-wear here.
The main collection on the second day of Fashion Week was focussed on 'Recession and Global Warming', and was created by designer Priyanka Bansal.
"People are not using their old clothes, and they wanted something new but they don't have money to buy, so I thought, why not to reconstruct old clothes into a new garment and wear them, and just go for a party?" said Bansal.
Former Miss India, Natasha Suri, was the showstopper of the Fashion Show.
"I'm actually loving it, and it makes me feel very proud that I am a part of this Fashion Week. Lovely designers and great talent, and I look forward to coming here again and again," said Suri.
The Fashion Week would showcase eight international and 22 Indian fashion designers, with 30 fashion shows featuring over a 100 models. The style extravaganza that began on July 7 will conclude July 11.

Lindsay Lohan wants to appeal; her lawyer quits

Montreal Gazette - Kat Angus - ‎52 minutes ago‎
Lindsay Lohan (pictured) is scheduled to begin serving her 90-day jail sentence, plus a three-month stint at an ...

Lindsay Lohan seeks a new lawyer

CNN (blog) - ‎57 minutes ago‎
After the judge handed her a jail sentence, Lindsay Lohan handed her case to another lawyer. Lohan's mother, Dina, confirmed to HLN's Nancy Grace Thursday ...

Lindsay Lohan Is 'Scared To Death' Of Jail Sentence Mom Says

MTV.com - Jocelyn Vena - ‎29 minutes ago‎
'We didn't get a shot at fairness,' Dina Lohan says of her daughter's legal troubles. By Jocelyn Vena "[Lindsay] is scared to death," Dina Lohan said of her ...

Lindsay Lohan's Mother: Lohan Is "A Fighter"

Peace FM Online - ‎38 minutes ago‎
Celebuzz : Worried about how Lindsay Lohan is going to fare in the slammer? Well, don't be. Dina Lohan assures us that her daughter Lindsay will find a way ...

PHOTO: Lindsay Lohan's Meticulous Courtroom Notes

People Magazine - Eunice Oh - ‎1 hour ago‎
The judge deemed she didn't fulfill her required alcohol-education classes, but here's one assignment Lindsay Lohan might have passed with ...

Lindsay Lohan set to make millions off post-jail interviews

Hindustan Times - ‎1 hour ago‎
Jail sentence might just make Lindsay Lohan richer by a few millions at least – by giving interviews of her time in prison. LiLo was sentenced to 90 days ...

Lindsay Lohan To Appeal Sentence

Peace FM Online - ‎1 hour ago‎
Musicrooms.net : Lindsay Lohan's mother says she "didn't get a shot at fairness" during her court hearing on Tuesday. The actress was sentenced to 90 days ...

Lindsay Lohan Dad Surprised She Didn't Overdose

CBS News - ‎4 hours ago‎
Chris Wragge spoke with actress Lindsay Lohan's father Michael Lohan on his daughter's drug addictions and his request that the judge force her into rehab. ...

Lindsay Lohan hearing draws 2.3 million viewers

USA Today - ‎3 hours ago‎
We have to admit that Lindsay Lohan's courtroom appearance earlier this week was fascinating. Apparently we weren't the only ones who thought that. ...

Reliable Source: Lindsay Lohan takes on human rights

Washington Post - ‎1 hour ago‎
(Speaking of which: Lohan claims the F-bomb inscribed on her middle finger manicure "had nothing to do w/court.") Anyway, Olsen believes she got a fair ...

Lindsay Lohan: Turning Over a New Leaf...Already?!

E! Online (blog) - Peter Gicas - ‎2 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan has yet to serve her 90-day sentence, and she's already displaying behavior that's less than, well, Lindsay-like. Emerging from seclusion for ...

Lindsay Lohan tweets the Cato Institute

Baltimore Sun (blog) - ‎3 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan, sentenced to 90 days, tweets a reference to a Cato Institute article on mandatory sentences. The Institute is falling over itself. ...

Dina Lohan now pushing Lindsay's little sister Ali down same path

FOXNews (blog) - ‎4 hours ago‎
Ali Lohan arrives to attend her sister's probation status hearing at Beverly Hills Municipal Courthouse on June 7, 2010. (Reuters) With Lindsay Lohan either ...

Lindsay Lohan's lawyer resigns

Entertainment Weekly - Tanner Stransky - ‎5 hours ago‎
The lawyer who has shepherded Lindsay Lohan through her recent legal troubles, Shawn Chapman Holley, resigned yesterday afternoon, ...

Lohan's lawyer calls it quits

Vancouver Sun - ‎2 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan goes through a metal detector as she arrives for a probation violation hearing at the Beverly Hills Courthouse on July 6, 2010. ...

How Lindsay Lohan Can Turn a Life Low Point Into a Career High

ABC News - Sheila Marikar - ‎7 hours ago‎
Before Lindsay Lohan ships off to solitude, she might want to get in the right frame of mind. Her sentence need not kill her career; in fact, ...

Lindsay Lohan's lawyer quits

Oneindia - ‎7 hours ago‎
Washington, July 9 (ANI): Lindsay Lohan's lawyer, Shawn Chapman Holley, has quit after she discovered that the actress is looking for a new attorney behind ...

Lindsay Lohan's lawyer resigns

The Press Association - ‎8 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan's lawyer has resigned from the case, after describing the actress' 90-day jail sentence as "harsh and unfair". Shawn Chapman Holley gave no ...

Lindsay Lohan Sneaks Out Post-Jail Sentencing

Peace FM Online - ‎7 hours ago‎
Celebrity-gossip.net : Making for the first post-court sighting, Lindsay Lohan was spotted as she left her home in Los Angeles, California on Thursday ...

Lindsay Lohan 5-1 to serve more than 90 days in jail

Mirror.co.uk - Derek McGovern - ‎8 hours ago‎
Bird-behaving-madly Lindsay Lohan will go back to prison for violating probation and that's terrible for her - how's she gonna ...

Lohan's dad blames ex-wife

CANOE - ‎7 hours ago‎
COM Lindsay Lohan's estranged father insists the troubled actress is not the girl he raised just two days after she was sentenced to serve 90-days in jail ...

Lindsay Lohan to serve jail sentence in private cell

Oneindia - ‎10 hours ago‎
New York (ANI): American singer and actress Lindsay Lohan will be serving her jail sentence alone in a private cell at the Century Regional Detention ...

Lindsay Lohan will be in cell by herself

NDTV.com - ‎10 hours ago‎
PTI Troubled star Lindsay Lohan is facing a lonely time in prison as she will be locked up on her own for 23 hours a day. The Mean Girls actress is due to ...

Lindsay Lohan says fingernail expletive not related to court case

Los Angeles Times - Richard Winton - ‎13 hours ago‎
Actress Lindsay Lohan wrote that an expletive visible on her fingernail during a court hearing at which she got 90 days ...

Celebrity lawyer fears for Lohan

CANOE - ‎10 hours ago‎
COM Top celebrity lawyer Mark Geragos has attacked the judge who sentenced Lindsay Lohan to serve 90-days behind bars, because he thinks the punishment is ...

Lindsay Lohan's lawyer quits

Daily Mail - ‎17 hours ago‎
Since her sentencing on Tuesday it has been revealed that Lindsay Lohan tested positive for opiates and amphetamines during her random court-ordered drug ...

Michael Lohan: Lindsay's F-Word Manicure Was "Stupid"

Us Magazine - ‎17 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan says her F-word court manicure was just a joke -- but her estranged dad Michael isn't laughing. "It is stupid, it's insane, it's so dark," he ...

Lindsay Lohan's defense attorney resigns from case

The Associated Press - Anthony McCartney - ‎16 hours ago‎
LOS ANGELES — Lindsay Lohan's criminal defense attorney has resigned from the actress' case. The move came shortly after Shawn Chapman Holley issued a ...

Lindsay Lohan's Lawyer Quits

MTV.com - Mawuse Ziegbe - ‎19 hours ago‎
Lindsay Lohan's lawyer Shawn Chapman Holley has resigned in the midst of the starlet's ongoing legal drama. TMZ reports that when the ...

Source: Lindsay Lohan Hires New Lawyer, Plans to File Appeal

FOXNews - Hollie McKay - ‎19 hours ago‎
AP July 6: Lindsay Lohan (left) sits in court with her lawyer Shawn Chapman Holley, before a judge sentenced her to 90 days in jail and 90 ...

Paris Hilton found herself the subject of ridicule this week after she enthusiastically tweeted about spotting tigers while on safari in South Africa.

                Aislinn Laing in Johannesburg
                                 Published: 5:15PM BST 09 Jul 2010



                            While Hilton, 29, did not mention where she, her sister Nicky and two cousins had embarked on safari, the accompanying pictures made clear it was not Johannesburg Zoo ? where they have successfully bred Siberian Tigers.



The American socialite, who has been in the country for the past week to watch the World Cup and take in the sights, wrote from safari: "So many amazing animals here – Elephants, Tigers, Zebras, Cheetahs, Rhinos, Hippos, etc. So awesome!"

While elephants, zebras, cheetahs, rhinos and hippopotami are in plentiful supply in South Africa, tigers – which are native to Asia – are not.

While Hilton, 29, did not mention where she, her sister Nicky and two cousins had embarked on safari, the accompanying pictures made clear it was not Johannesburg Zoo – where they have successfully bred Siberian Tigers.
The blonde – possibly nudged by some of the 4,000 people who follow her on the social networking site – soon realised her mistake.
"I meant leapards", she wrote on Twitter an hour later, before correcting herself again: "I meant leopards not tigers. : p. oops."
The dubious spelling did not end there as the Hilton hotel heiress joyfully recounted her adventures in Africa to friends back home.
Hilton, who was briefly arrested on suspicion of smoking cannabis during a World Cup match in Port Elizabeth last week before being released without charge, went on to tweet: "Ella the Elaphant", "A Huge Cute Elaphant", and: "So amazing, sitting outside eating lunch and there are a family of 5 Elaphants only feet away from us. So incredible!"
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7881286/Paris-Hilton-spots-tiger-...-on-safari-in-South-Africa.html

Paris Hilton's Friend Ordered to Leave South Africa

Peace FM Online - ‎Jul 6, 2010‎
Aceshowbiz : Paris Hilton's friend has been ordered to leave South Africa after she was caught carrying marijuana following a World Cup soccer game on ...

Paris Hilton clears up South Africa drug ordeal

San Francisco Chronicle (blog) - ‎Jul 6, 2010‎
Paris Hilton has refused to allow her drugs bust mix-up to ruin her trip to South Africa - telling fans the authorities were "super nice and friendly" ...

Mystery Malaysian tycoon flew Paris Hilton to World Cup

AsiaOne - ‎Jul 5, 2010‎
[Above: Paris Hilton watching a game with Joey Mcfarland, as seen on her Twitter page.] PETALING JAYA: A Malaysian millionaire businessman had purportedly ...

Paris Hilton drug charges go up in smoke at World Cup

CTV.ca - ‎Jul 5, 2010‎
Police say they dropped the charges against Hilton, after her co-accused, 31 year Jennifer Rovero of New York, pleaded guilty to cannabis possession. ...

Paris Hilton 'the scapegoat, as usual'

Daily Dispatch Online - ‎Jul 5, 2010‎
"AS usual, I am a scapegoat," American socialite and hotel heiress Paris Hilton said yesterday after her drug-related arrest at the Brazil/Netherlands World ...

Paris Hilton drug charge dropped after police 'got the wrong blonde'

Daily Mail - Barbara Jones - ‎Jul 5, 2010‎
Paris Hilton and her friend Jennifer Rovero were both arrested at a World Cup match in South Africa on Friday after police found local marijuana – known as ...

Paris Hilton Gets an Apology After World Cup Pot Arrest

E! Online (blog) - Natalie Finn, Whitney English - ‎Jul 4, 2010‎
I had nothing to do with it," Hilton tweeted afterward. Perhaps Paris Hilton should have stuck to tooting her vuvuzela. The globe-trotting socialite was ...

Paris Hilton: "Everything Is Fine" After Pot Mix-up

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Paris Hilton says she loves South Africa, despite drug arrest

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Paris Hilton on holiday in South Africa after bust

Mirror.co.uk - ‎Jul 4, 2010‎
Socialite Paris Hilton is on holiday in South Africa today as local police confirmed they would take no action following her World Cup drug arrest. ...

[PIC] 'Try our joint instead, Paris'

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Paris Hilton and her friend's arrest for possession of dagga at the World Cup stadium in Port Elizabeth made headlines over the weekend, ...

Paris Hilton's girlfriend deported

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Paris Hilton briefly appeared in a South African courtroom where charges of possession of marijuana were dropped. She was arrested at the World Cup game ...

Drugs charges against Paris Hilton in South Africa dropped

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I wasn't charged or arrested: Hilton on drug ordeal

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Police in South Africa Detain Paris Hilton

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Authorities Apologize to Paris Hilton Following Wrongful Marijuana Case

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Meanwhile, Paris Hilton arrested for marijuana at Brazil-Netherlands match

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Paris Hilton Arrested At World Cup

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Charges on Paris Hilton dropped

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Police apologise to Paris Hilton

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Paris Hilton- a man-eater maybe, but no grass-smoker!

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	Lindsay Lohan Is 'Scared To Death' Of Jail Sentence Mom Says ‎33 minutes ago‎ - MTV.com
	Lindsay Lohan Can Take Several Strong Medications, Probation Report States ‎Jul 8, 2010‎ - MTV.com
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	Lindsay Lohan Could End Up Serving Less Than a Week in Jail, Expert Says ‎Jul 7, 2010‎ - FOXNews
	Lindsay Lohan Sentenced to 90 Days in Jail for Probation Violation ‎Jul 6, 2010‎ - Seattle Post Intelligencer
	Lindsay Lohan Sentenced to 90 Days in Jail, 90 Days of Rehab ‎Jul 6, 2010‎ - ABC News
	Judge finds Lohan in violation of probation ‎Jul 6, 2010‎ - The Associated Press
	Lindsay Lohan Arrives at Court - Dressed Appropriately ‎Jul 6, 2010‎ - Us Magazine

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This article is about the musician. For other uses, see Shakira (disambiguation).

Shakira
Shakira in January 2009.
Background information
Birth name	Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll
Born	February 2, 1977 (1977-02-02) (age 33) Barranquilla, Colombia
Genres	Latin pop, Rock en español, pop rock, alternative, world, dance, urban
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, philanthropist, dancer, actress
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, harmonica,^[1] drums, percussion
Years active	1990–present
Labels	Sony Music Colombia (1990—1996) Columbia (1996—2000) Epic (2000—present) Live Nation Artists (2008—present)
Website	www.shakira.com

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2, 1977),^[2] known professionally as Shakira (pronounced /ʃəˈkɪərə/, Spanish: [tʃaˈkiɾa] or [ʃaˈkiɾa]),^[3] is a Colombian^[4] singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, dancer, and philanthropist who emerged as a musical prodigy in the music scene of Latin America in the early 1990s. Born and raised in Barranquilla, Colombia, Shakira revealed many of her talents in school as a live performer, demonstrating her vocal ability with rock and roll, Latin and Middle Eastern influences with her own original twist on belly dancing. Shakira is a native Spanish speaker and also speaks fluent English and Portuguese.^[5]

After commercial flops with local producers on her first two albums, and little-known outside Colombia, Shakira decided to produce her own brand of music. In 1995 she released Pies Descalzos, which brought her great fame in Latin America and Spain, and her 1998 album ¿Dónde Están los Ladrones? was a critical success. Since then she has gained many fans in semi-Hispanophone countries, and many non-Spanish-speaking countries, especially the United States. In 2001, and aided by heavy rotation of the music video, "Whenever, Wherever", she broke through into the English-speaking world with the release of Laundry Service, which sold over 13 million copies worldwide.^[6]^[7] Four years later, Shakira released two album projects called Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2. Both reinforced her success, particularly with the most successful song in the 21st century to date, "Hips Don't Lie".^[8] From October-November 2009 Shakira released her latest album She Wolf worldwide.^[9]

She has won two Grammy Awards,^[6] seven Latin Grammy Awards,^[6] twelve Billboard Latin Music Awards^[6] and has been Golden Globe-nominated.^[6] She is also the highest-selling Colombian artist of all time, and the second most successful female Latin singer having sold over 50 million albums worldwide.^[10] Additionally, she is the only artist from South America to reach the number-one spot on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA chart, and the UK Singles Chart.^[11] Shakira is to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[12]^[13]

Shakira's latest success story is the superhit "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", the official song for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, along with its Spanish language version, titled "Waka Waka (Esto es África)".^[14] The song has received generally positive critical reception, and has become a worldwide hit.^[15]

[hide]

Early life

Shakira was born on February 2, 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia. She is the only child of Nidya del Carmen Ripoll Torrado and William Mebarak Chadid, who are of Lebanese, Spanish (Catalan) and Italian descent.^[2]^[16]^[17] She has eight older half-siblings from her father's previous marriage.^[18]

Statue of Shakira in Barranquilla, Colombia

Shakira means "thankful" in Arabic.^[19]^[20] It is the feminine form of the name Shakir. Her second name, Isabel, is also that of her paternal grandmother, meaning "my God is my oath", "my God's house" or "my God is abundance", and her name is a Spanish given name for Elizabeth. Her second surname name Ripoll is Catalan. She spent much of her youth in Barranquilla, a city located in northern Colombia. Shakira's business acumen is often attributed to a high IQ, which is reported in the entertainment press to be 140.^[21]

Shakira wrote her first poem, entitled "La Rosa De Cristal" ("The Crystal Rose") when she was only four years old. As she was growing up, she was fascinated watching her father writing stories on a typewriter, and asked for one as a Christmas gift. She got her wish at age seven and continued writing poetry. These poems eventually evolved into songs. At the age of two, an older half-brother was killed in a motorcycle accident and at the age of eight, Shakira wrote her first song entitled "Tus gafas oscuras" ("Your dark glasses") which was inspired by her father, who for years wore dark glasses, to hide his grief.^[22]

When Shakira was four, her father took her to a local Middle Eastern restaurant, where Shakira first heard the doumbek, a traditional drum used in Arabic music and which typically accompanied belly dancing.^[23] Before she knew it, Shakira was dancing on the table, as restaurant patrons responded by clapping enthusiastically. It was then that Shakira said she knew she wanted to be a performer. She enjoyed singing for schoolmates and teachers (and even the nuns) at her Catholic school, but in the second grade was rejected for the school choir because her vibrato was too strong. The music teacher told her that she sounded "like a goat".^[23]^[24] At school, she says she had been known as "the belly dancer girl", as she would demonstrate every Friday at school a number she had learned.^[23] "That's how I discovered my passion for live performance," she says.^[21]

When she was eight, Shakira's father declared bankruptcy. While the details were sorted out, she stayed with relatives in Los Angeles. On returning to Barranquilla, she was shocked to find that much of what her parents owned had been sold; as she later said "In my childish head, this was the end of the world."^[18] To show her that things could be worse, her father took her to a local park to see orphans who lived there, sniffing glue. The images stayed with her and she said to herself "one day I'm going to help these kids when I become a famous artist."^[18]

Between the ages of ten and thirteen Shakira was invited to various events in Barranquilla and gained some recognition in the area.^[25] It was at about this time that she met local theater producer Monica Ariza, who was impressed with her and as a result tried to help her career. During a flight from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Ariza convinced Sony Colombia executive Ciro Vargas to hold an audition for Shakira in a hotel lobby. Vargas held Shakira in high regard and, returning to the Sony office, gave the cassette to a song and artist director. However, the director was not overly excited and thought Shakira was something of "a lost cause". Vargas, not daunted, was still convinced that Shakira had talent, and set up an audition in Bogotá. He arranged for Sony Colombia executives to arrive at the audition, with the idea of surprising them with Shakira's performance. She performed three songs for the executives and impressed them enough for her to be signed to record three albums.^[26]

Career

1990-1994: Magia and Peligro

Shakira's debut album, Magia, was recorded with Sony Music in 1990 when she was only thirteen years old.^[6] The songs are a collection penned by her since she was 8, mixed pop-rock ballads and disco with electronic accompaniment, however it was hampered by a lack of recording and production cohesion. The album was released in 1991 and featured Magia and three other singles. Though it fared well on Colombian radio and gave the young Shakira much exposure, the album did not fare well commercially: only 1,200 copies were sold.^[23] and the music video for Magia became first national pop video in Colombia. After the poor acclaim of Magia, Shakira's label urged her back into the studio to release a follow up with more hit songs, to give the album potential.

Although little known outside of her native Colombia, Shakira was invited to perform at Chile's Viña del Mar International Song Festival in February 1993. The festival gave aspiring Latin American singers a chance to perform their songs, and the winner was then chosen by a panel of judges. Shakira performed the ballad "Eres" ("You Are") and won the trophy for third place. One of the judges who voted for her to win was then 20-year-old Ricky Martin.^[6]

The second studio album Peligro of the same genre was released in 1993, but Shakira was not pleased with the final result, mainly taking issue with the production. The album was better received than Magia, though it was also considered a commercial failure, due to Shakira's refusal to advertise it. Shakira then decided to take a hiatus from recording so that she could graduate from high school.^[6] In the same year, Shakira starred in the Colombian TV Series "The Oasis", loosely based on the Armero tragedy in 1985.^[27]

1995–1997: Pies Descalzos

Shakira originally recorded the song ¿Dónde Estás Corazón? (later released on her album Pies Descalzos) for the compilation album "Nuestro Rock" in 1995, released exclusively in Colombia.^[28] "Pies Descalzos" album brought her great popularity in Latin America by the hit singles "Estoy Aquí," "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" and "Dónde Estás Corazón."^[6] Shakira also recorded three tracks in Portuguese titled "Estou Aqui", "Um Pouco de Amor", and "Pés Descalços".

Shakira returned to recording in 1995 with Luis F. Ochoa, using musical influences from a number of countries and an Alanis Morissette-oriented persona which affected some of her next albums,^[29] and made her third studio album, Pies Descalzos (English: Bare Feet). Recording for the album began in February 1995, after the success of her single ¿Dónde Estás Corazón?. Sony gave Shakira $100,000 to produce the album since they predicted that the album would not sell past 100,000 copies. Starting with this album, Shakira began producing her own music, perfecting her vocals and most of all, creative control over her music. Highly influenced by American alternative market and British groups such as The Pretenders, the album was decently presented at small auditorium at La Castilian Theater in Bogotá on October 6, 1995. The tunes of the album are melodic, musically surprising and gritty, with intellectual lyrics and an electronic/acoustic blend that effectively broke the formulaic mold of Latin pop with an authentic sound that hadn't been heard before.

The album released on February 13, 1996 internationally. It debuted at #1 in 8 different countries. However, in the U.S. Billboard 200 the album reached #180 peak position and #5 in the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums. The album spawned six ultimate hit-singles Estoy Aqui (U.S. Latin #2), ¿Dónde Estás Corazón? (U.S. Latin #5), Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos, Un Poco De Amor (U.S. Latin #6), Antologia (U.S. Latin #15) and Se Quiere, Se Mata (U.S. Latin #8).^[30] In August 1996, RIAA certified the album platinum status.^[31]

In March 1996, Shakira went on to her first international tour named simply "Tour Pies Descalzos", that was saddened by death of several fans because of uncontrolled crowd of 50,000 people at the concert in the singer's native city of Barranquilla. ^{[citation needed]} A year later, Shakira received three Billboard Latin Music Awards for Album of the Year (Pies Descalzos), Video of the Year (Estoy Aqui) and Best New Artist.^[32]

Pies Descalzos sold over 5 million copies,^[33]^[34] prompting the release of a remix album, titled simply The Remixes. The Remixes also included Portuguese versions of some of her best-known songs, which were recorded as a result of her success in the Brazilian market, where Pies Descalzos sold nearly one million copies.^[25]

1998–2000: ¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones?

Having received a World Music Award as the best selling Latin artist, Shakira already prepared some of new material of her second international record. She was chosen from dozens of Latin singers to grace the cover of Time magazine in the article titled Era of the Rockera.

Her fourth album, ¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones? (English: Where Are The Thieves?) produced entirely by Shakira herself and Emilio Estefan, Jr. as the executive, was released on September 28, 1998. The album, inspired by an incident in an airport in which a suitcase full of her written lyrics was stolen, became a bigger hit than Pies Descalsos.On the day of its official release in Miami the album sold to 300,000 copies in one day. Allmusic and Rolling Stone gave to the album 4.5/5 stars and Donde Estan Los Ladrones has reached #131 peak position in the U.S. Billboard 200 and charting 11 weeks top spot on the Billboard Top Latin Albums. It sold over 1,500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, making it one of the best selling Spanish albums in the U.S. Eight of the album's eleven tracks became singles, including Ciega, Sordomuda (U.S. Latin #1), Moscas En La Casa (U.S. Latin #25), No Creo (U.S. Latin #9, U.S. #74), Inevitable (U.S. Latin #3), Tú (U.S. Latin #1, U.S. #95), Si Te Vas, Octavo Día, and the world-famous, Arabic tinged Ojos Así (U.S. Latin #22). The latter two songs won Shakira one Latin Grammy each.

Eventually, ¿Donde Estan Los Ladrones? has sold ten million copies worldwide.^[35] Shakira also received her first Grammy Award nomination in 1999 for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album.^[36] Shakira's first live album, MTV Unplugged was recorded in New York City on August 12, 1999. Highly acclaimed by American critics, it is rated as one of her best-ever live performances.^[37] The acoustic album earned the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 2001 and gained sales of 5 million CD's worldwide.^[38] In March 2000, Shakira embarked on her Tour Anfibio, a two-month tour of Latin America and the United States. In August 2000, she won an MTV Video Music Award in the now-defunct category of People's Choice — Favorite International Artist for Ojos Asi. On September 9, 2000, Shakira performed Ojos Así at the inaugural ceremony of Latin Grammy Awards, where she was nominated in five categories: Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for MTV Unplugged, Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for Octavo Dia, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video for Ojos Asi,^[39] but she won only in two of them. Shakira's performance of Ojos Asi was voted as the Greatest Latin Grammy performance of all time.

2001–2004: Laundry Service

Upon the success of ¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones? and MTV Unplugged, Shakira began working on a crossover album to English. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably that of Ricky Martin and Enrique Iglesias, the crossover of Spanish artists to the English market had a great surge of popularity in mainstream music and it was the next logical step in the singer's career.^[40] Shakira worked for over a year on new material for the album.

"Whenever, Wherever" ("Suerte" in Spanish countries) was released as the first and lead single from Shakira's first English album in October 2001. The song takes heavy influence from Andean music, including the charango and panpipes in its instrumentation. The track was produced by Shakira, and it was an international success.

The third international studio and the first English-Spanish language album Laundry Service (Servicio De Lavanderia in Latin America and Spain) was released on November 13, 2001. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 Albums chart. Seven tracks became international singles: "Whenever, Wherever" (U.S. #6) / "Suerte" (U.S. Latin #1), Underneath Your Clothes (U.S. #9), Objection (Tango) (U.S. #55) / Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango) (U.S. Latin #16), The One, Te Dejo Madrid, Que Me Quedes Tú (U.S. Latin #1) and Poem To A Horse, as the main theme of Shakira's worldwide tour, the Tour of the Mongoose. Because the album was created with the intent of selling to an English language market, the rock and Spanish dance-influenced album gained mild critical success: some critics claimed that her English skills were too weak for her to write in it with Rolling Stone stating "she sounds downright silly" or "Shakira's magic is lost in translation." Shakira also was criticized by her Latin fans for seemingly abandoning her folk and rock roots in favor of contemporary American pop music. Despite this fact, the album became the best selling album of 2002, selling more than 13 million copies worldwide.^[6]^[7] and became the most successful album in singer's career. Around this time, Shakira also released four songs for Pepsi for her promotion in the English markets: "Ask for More", "Pide Mas", "Knock on My Door" and "Pideme El Sol", included in the extended play Pepsi CD.

At Aerosmith's MTV Icon in April 2002, Shakira performed "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)". Also in 2002, Shakira joined the likes of Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, and the Dixie Chicks for VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas. In September 2002, Shakira won the now-defunct International Viewer's Choice Award at the MTV Video Music Awards with "Whenever, Wherever". Shakira also won the Latin Grammy Award for the category of Best Short Form Music Video for the Spanish version of this video. In October of that year, she won five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America for "Best Female Artist", "Best Pop Artist", "Best Artist—North (Region)", "Video of the Year" (for "Suerte"), and "Artist of the Year". Laundry Service was certified triple platinum by RIAA in June^[41] and thus helped to establish Shakira's musical presence in the mainstream North American market.

In November 2002, Shakira's label Sony BMG released her Spanish greatest hits compilation Grandes Éxitos. A DVD and ten-track live album, called Live & Off the Record, was also released in 2004, reaching sales of 3 million CDs worldwide, and commemorating the Tour of the Mongoose, which had a worldwide audience of 1.2 million people.

2005-2007: Fixations Era

Shakira stayed out of the spotlight for over two years. Many possible dates of release were delayed and she announced the Oral Fixation project in early 2005 with Rick Rubin as the executive producer. Fijación Oral Vol. 1, the first album of the project, was released on June 3, 2005 in Ireland, on June 6, 2005 in Europe, and on June 7, 2005 in North America, Latin America and Australia. The lead single from the album, "La Tortura" (U.S. #23), which features the Spanish balladeer Alejandro Sanz, was released as a single in April and achieved large-scale success in different radio and chart formats. It spent a record of twenty-five weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart. Shakira became the first artist to perform a Spanish language song at the MTV Video Music Awards. Contrary to low expectations, Fijación Oral Vol. 1 was very well received by the public. It debuted at number four on the ''Billboard 200'' chart on the week of June 15. According to that publication, the album sold 157,000 copies in its first week of release in the U.S., becoming the highest debut ever for Spanish language albums. In Latin America, on the very day of its official release in Venezuela, it went Platinum, in Colombia, triple Platinum and in Mexico, it was sold-out. The album sold over one million copies in three days. Four other singles were released following "La Tortura": "No" (U.S. Latin #11), "Dia De Enero" (Colombia #1), "La Pared" (Spain #1) and 2007's "Las De La Intuición", which became the final single reaching #1 position in Spain and Argentina for several weeks and featuring Shakira with a bright purple wig and black tie in some hyper-sexualized scenes in her music video with Jaume de Laiguana as the director.

On February 8, 2006, Shakira won her second Grammy Award. She was awarded in the category of Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album (Fijación Oral Vol. 1).^[42] Shakira received four Latin Grammy Awards on November 2, 2006: Record of the Year and Song of the Year for ''La Tortura'', Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for Fijación Oral Vol. 1.^[43] Fijación Oral Vol. 1 sold over 5 million copies worldwide.^[44]

Before the release of Oral Fixation Vol. 2 Shakira appeared at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2005 in Lisbon, Portugal, where she performed "Don't Bother", the lead single from the album, just minutes before winning an award in the category of Best Female Artist and also in other award in the world.

Oral Fixation Vol. 2 was released on November 29, 2005 in North America, Australia, and continental Europe. The album debuted at number five on the U.S. ''Billboard 200'' Albums chart. Two tracks from the album, How Do You Do and Timor, sparked some controversy at the time of its release in the Muslim countries. The cover of the album that features Shakira in the image of Eve with forbidden fruit was also considered controversial, and had to be altered in several countries. ''Don't Bother'' failed to peak within the top 40 in the United States (U.S. #42). In the beginning of 2006, Haitian rapper Wyclef Jean joined Shakira to record the second single for the album. "Hips Don't Lie", the biggest hit of the 21st century, became Shakira's first number one single on the U.S. ''Billboard Hot 100'', in addition cracking number one in at least 55 countries. Shakira and Wyclef Jean also recorded Bamboo version of this song for official theme of FIFA World Cup 2006. Shakira along with Red Hot Chili Peppers received the most number of nominations for the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards with "Hips Don't Lie", but she won only the award for Best Choreography. Shakira also released the third and the last single "Illegal" featuring Carlos Santana, that reached top positions in some European countries and in the dance charts in the U.S. On February 10, 2007, Shakira performed on the 49th Grammy Awards for the first time ever and earned the nomination Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Hips Don't Lie" with Wyclef Jean. Finally, Oral Fixation Vol. 2 sold over 8 million copies worldwide.^[45] Shakira embarked on her fourth longest tour, the Oral Fixation Tour, in June, 2006. The tour had 125 shows between June 14, 2006 and July 9, 2007. She performed on 5 continents: Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, and Africa with the worldwide audience of over 2.5 million people. During this tour, Shakira performed a free concert in Mexico City on May 27, 2007 with over 210,000 in attendance. This concert sets the record for the highest attendance of any concert in Mexican history. Shakira also performed on July 9, 2006 at the FIFA World Cup final in Germany. On November 12, 2007, the "Oral Fixation Tour (DVD) was released (November 13 in North America). It is also available in High Definition Blu-Ray format.^[46]

2008-present: She Wolf and forthcoming Bilingual album

Shakira at the Rock in Rio festival in 2008

During an online chat with her fans in El Heraldo,^[47] she revealed that she was going to start writing her New Album in February 2008. Furthermore, at the CD release party for Shakira's singer-songwriter cousin Isa Mebarak in Colombia, Shakira's father William Mebarak stated that Shakira is currently at work beginning to write and produce new songs for her upcoming album. This is being done in "her own studio", which many fans thought to mean the studio at her home in the Bahamas.^[48] Shakira recorded 2005's Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2 there, as well.

After two weeks in London, Shakira flew to Colombia for a peace concert in Leticia (at the three way border of Colombia, Peru and Brazil) with Carlos Vives. Followed by hundreds of thousands of fellow Colombians, Shakira was calling for the release of hostages being held by rebels in Colombia and an end to similar kidnappings in the region.^{[citation needed]} Afterward, it was reported by Noticias Caracol in Colombia that Shakira returned to her home studio in the Bahamas and continued recording "a little something" with members of Vives' band.

In an exclusive interview with Elenco Magazine in Colombia, Shakira confirmed that she has already written nearly 30 songs for the new album but still continues writing, although it is still too early to reveal too much.^[49] It is known that Swedish-Moroccan producer RedOne is working on Shakira's upcoming album. He previously worked with Shakira on the "Bamboo Mix" of her hit "Hips Don't Lie" which she performed at the World Cup in 2006.^[50] On her official forum,^[51] the Admin/moderator posted some new info on Shakira's new album. He said that Shakira is still doing some experimental phases of the album in various parts of the world (Miami, Florida with Wyclef Jean (producer), Vancouver, Canada (with Luis F. Ochoa), Los Angeles, California (with Red One), London, Uruguay and Bahamas).

On July 2, 2008, Shakira signed a 10-year deal with Live Nation, the international touring giant that has begun signing up marquee names for lucrative all-purpose contracts.^[52] The record label will encompass tours, recordings, sponsorship and merchandise throughout the world, she announced. "Shakira is one of the few truly global artists," said Jason Garner, global music chief of Live Nation. "She can sell music and tickets in nearly every corner of the globe."^[53] Neither Shakira's representatives nor Live Nation would confirm the value of the deal, but people close to the negotiations said that depending on Shakira's performance over the 10 years, it is likely to be worth between $70 million and $100 million. Shakira's contract with Epic Records calls for three more albums—one in English, one in Spanish, and a compilation, but the touring and other rights of the Live Nation deal would begin immediately. In early 2008, Forbes has named Shakira the fourth top-earning female artist in music industry.^[54]

The first single from Shakira's third English-language album is titled "She Wolf".^[55]^[56] Shakira wrote and produced the track with John Hill, and Sam Endicott (Lead Singer and Songwriter of The Bravery).^[57] In June 2009, several music journalists and reviewers got an advance listen of the track. The reviews were positive.^[58]^[59] The Spanish version titled, "Loba", premiered on June 29, 2009.^[60] On July 2, 2009, Shakira's official website announced that "The full album is She Wolf due out in October 2009 from Epic" and it "features a predominantly English track list".^[61] The site also announced that a Spanish album will be released in 2010.^[61] Shakira premiered "She Wolf" on Z100 and KIIS-FM on July 13, 2009.^[62]^[63] On July 14, 2009 "She Wolf" and "Loba" became available to download from iTunes.^[64] The video for "She Wolf" Premiered on MTV on July 30, 2009.^[64] The single was successful worldwide, reaching number one in Latin America, number two in Germany, Ireland, Italy, Estonia and Spain, number three in Switzerland and Austria, number four in the UK, France and Greece, number five in Canada and Belgium, number six in Finland, number nine in Japan, and number eleven in the US.

The album was released in October 2009 in most countries and in November 2009 in the U.S., it received positive reviews from critics. The album has been a success on the charts and has since been certified Gold in Russia, Ireland, Switzerland, Poland, France, Argentina, Greece, and Hungary, Platinum in Spain, the United Kingdom, and the Middle East, 2X Platinum in Colombia and Mexico, and 3X Platinum in Taiwan. Subsequent singles, "Did It Again", "Give It Up To Me", and "Gypsy", received moderate success on the charts.

On May 3, 2010, Shakira's official website confirmed that she will embark on a global tour. The site announced that the tour will kick-off in North America in September 2010. The site also announced the first three confirmed dates and stated that additional dates will be announced soon, adding that "The tour will bring Shakira's spectacular show to top arenas and a host of additional cities throughout the summer and fall".^[65]

It was initially announced that Shakira would release a Spanish album in 2010 after the release of "She Wolf", similar to what she did with Oral Fixation Volumes 1 & 2, but Shakira later stated that the album will now be a bilingual project, which will contain Spanish, English, and Latin songs.^[66]

Shakira collaborated with the South African group Freshlyground to perform the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" which is an of a traditional Cameroonian soldiers' Fang song named "Zangalewa" by the group Zangalewa or Golden Sounds. The song was made popular in her native Colombia in 1987 through west African DJs in Colombia.^[67]

On June 17, during an interview with Billboard magazine, Shakira announced to them that her new album is coming out in September. She stated this in the magazine- "I see it [the new album] as having two currents," she says. "One is a lot about love and love experiences and emotions. And the other side of it is very joyful, and upbeat." Shakira also revealed that the music on her upcoming set would reflect influences from both the Dominican Republic and Colombia. "It's a little more Latin on one side and a little more rock 'n roll on the other side," she says. It will pretty much be a similar reflection to Oral Fixation era. She is going back to basics.^[68]

Collaborations and other work

In 2003, Shakira wrote with musician Tim Mitchell a song called "Come Down Love" for the Hollywood movie The Italian Job starring South African actress Charlize Theron & Mark Wahlberg, but finally the song was not included on the soundtrack of the same.

In late 2006, Shakira and Alejandro Sanz worked together again in the duet Te lo Agradezco, Pero No, which is featured on Sanz' album El Tren de los Momentos. The song was a top ten hit in Latin America, and topped "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Shakira worked with Miguel Bosé in the duet "Si Tú No Vuelves", which was released in Bosé's album Papito, which celebrates his 30-year career.

In early 2007, Shakira worked with American R&B singer Beyoncé in the track "Beautiful Liar", which was released as the second single from the deluxe edition of Knowles' B'Day. In the week of April 7, 2007, the song jumped 91 positions, from 94 to 3, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, setting the record for the largest upward movement in the history of the chart. It was also No. 1 on the official UK Singles Chart. The song earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The song was one of Knowles' most successful worldwide.The song was particularly popular in Spanish-speaking countries such as Argentina and Spain, where it landed at #1.

According to Billboard, Shakira, along with Lil Wayne would collaborate on a new track for Carlos Santana's greatest hits CD titled Ultimate Santana.^[69] However, this collaboration has been cancelled, and Shakira and Lil' Wayne have been replaced by Jennifer Lopez and Baby Bash.^[70]

Shakira is featured on Annie Lennox's record "Sing", from the album Songs of Mass Destruction, which also features other twenty-three female singers such as Madonna, KT Tunstall, Faith Hill, Dido, Celine Dion, Melissa Etheridge, Joss Stone, Fergie, Anastacia and Pink.^[71]^[71]

In late 2007, Shakira and Wyclef Jean recorded their second duet "King and Queen". This song is available on Wyclef Jean's 2007 album Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs of an Immigrant.

Shakira performing with Usher and Stevie Wonder at the We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial

Shakira performed on January 18, 2009 at the Lincoln Memorial "We Are One" festivities in honor of the inauguration of President Barack Obama. She performed "Higher Ground" with Stevie Wonder and Usher. She also performed during the evening of January 20, 2009 at the Neighborhood Ball for the President's inauguration. The song she performed was Van Morrison's "Bright Side of the Road". This song featured Shakira on harmonica.

In March 2009, Shakira appeared on the album Cantora 1 of the Argentinian folk singer Mercedes Sosa with the song "La Maza", which both singers sang on the ALAS concert in Buenos Aires in May 2008.^[72]

Shakira wrote the lyrics and co-wrote the music for two new songs that are featured in the movie Love in the Time of Cholera, based on the acclaimed novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Marquez. García Marquez himself asked Shakira to write the songs.^[73] The songs are called "Pienso en ti", a song from Shakira's breakthrough album Pies Descalzos, "Hay Amores" and "Despedida". All the songs can be downloaded via iTunes, as well as the score by Antonio Pinto.

"Despedida" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards but did not win. It was rumored that the song would also be nominated for an Academy Award, but it was not, with a source calling the fact that it was left off the nominees the Academy's "worst snub."^[74] Shakira collaborated with the South African group Freshlyground to perform the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa "Waka waka (This time for Africa)" She is said to be headlining the closing ceremony on July 11th. ^[75]

Personal life

Shakira was raised Roman Catholic.^[76] Shakira currently lives in The Bahamas. In 2000, she started dating Antonio de la Rúa, the son of the then President of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, a romance that made headline news throughout Latin America. In March 2001, he proposed to her. There have been many rumors regarding the couple over the years. In June 2007, Latin American media speculated that the couple had finally split up. On the previous days, Shakira and Antonio were seen in a restaurant in New York City, facing and denying the rumors one more time.^[77] Shakira's future mother-in-law Inés Pertiné claimed the wedding would take place in September 2007 in the mansion which Shakira owns in the Dominican Republic, but the wedding did not happen. She also said that Shakira has already ordered Argentine designer María Pryor to design her wedding dress.^[78] All this was denied by Shakira herself in Mexico.^[79]

De la Rúa and Shakira remain engaged.^[80] A Twitter update from her on September 4, 2009 stated (translated from the Spanish) "We are neither married nor fighting [contrary to rumors]. We are very together and very good. 9 years!"^[81] Shakira has stated their relationship already works as a married couple, and that "they don't need papers for that."^[82] Shakira is interested in world history and frequently studies the history and languages of the countries she visits.^[83] After her Oral Fixation tour ended in summer 2007, Shakira attended a class in Los Angeles at UCLA, on the History of Western Civilization. She used her middle and last names, Isabel Mebarak, and told the professor she was visiting from Colombia so as to avoid being recognized as a celebrity.^[84]^[85] Shakira is a cousin of model and 2005–2006 Miss Colombia, Valerie Domínguez.^[86]^[87]

Philanthropy and humanitarian work

In 1995, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation. It is a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia. It was funded by Shakira and other international groups and individuals. The name of the foundation is taken from Shakira's third studio album called Pies Descalzos, released in 1995.

During her career, Shakira has performed at a large number of benefit concerts. In 2002 she sang at a Party in the Park concert fundraising for the Prince's Trust. That same year she performed at Divas Live which support VH1's Save the Music Foundation. On July 2, 2005 she performed her hits "Whenever, Wherever" and "La Tortura" on the Live 8 benefit concert at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris. On July 7, 2007, the singer opened the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg. Her set included "Don't Bother", "Inevitable", "Día Especial" (with Gustavo Cerati) and "Hips Don't Lie".^[88] Shakira also performed at the "Clinton Global Initiative", where she performed her hits "Underneath Your Clothes", "Inevitable" and "Hips Don't Lie". On May 17, 2008 Shakira and twenty other Latin American and Spanish artists performed in Buenos Aires and Mexico City to raise money for Shakira's Latin America in Solidarity Action "America Latina en Accion Solidaria" (ALAS Foundation) charity.^[89] This concert attracted 150,000 people in Buenos Aires. Although tickets were free, the demand exceeded the supply; some fans who were fortunate enough to secure free tickets resold them.^[90]

Shakira, Alejandro Sanz and the King of Spain during the IberoAmerican Summit of El Salvador

Shakira is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and is one of their global representatives. "Shakira, like all our Goodwill Ambassadors, was chosen based on her compassion, her involvement in global issues, her deep commitment to helping children, and her appeal to young people around the world. We're very pleased to have Shakira join the UNICEF family. I know she'll help bring UNICEF's mission to the audience who will have the most impact on our future – young people themselves", said UNICEF's Executive Director Carol Bellamy.^[91]

On April 3, 2006, Shakira was honored at a United Nations ceremony for creating the Pies Descalzos Foundation. At the event, the singer said, "Let's not forget that at the end of this day when we all go home, 960 children will have died in Latin America."^[92]

On September 28, 2007 at the Clinton Global Initiative, it was revealed that Shakira received a commitment of $40 million from the Spanish government to help the victims of natural disasters. An additional $5 million was to be donated to four Latin American countries, to be spent on education and health. As part of the May 2007 concerts, her ALAS Foundation was able to solicit commitments of US$ 200 million from philanthropists Carlos Slim, Mexico's richest man, and Howard Buffett, son of U.S. investment guru Warren Buffett, the singer announced on April 15, 2008.^[93]

In December 2007, Shakira visited Bangladesh to appeal for the victims of Cyclone Sidr. She spent 3 days with the victims and visited children affected by the disaster in schools built by UNICEF and participated in the distribution of family kits and warm clothes. She said that little was left of the school she visited in the village of Mirzapur, but it still provided an "oasis" for the children. "I am more convinced than ever that education is the key to so many of the difficulties that our children face in countries like mine or in developing countries like this one. It's the key to a better and safer world," she said.^[94]

Shakira served as the Honorary Chairperson for "Action Week" 2008 (April 21–27). The event is sponsored by the Global Campaign for Education (GCE), to generate awareness about the Education for All Act. She spoke with the U.S. Congress, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, and World Bank President Robert Zoellick to promote a move towards Global Education. Angelina Jolie served as last year's chair.

People En Español announced in their December 2008/January 2009 issue that Shakira is the "Humanitarian of the Year" as part of their "Las Estrellas del Año" (Stars of the Year) awards.^[95] Shakira was also ranked at number 48 on the list of Top 50 Most Charitable Celebrities by OK! magazine. It reported that she donates approximately $55,000 to charity yearly.^[96]

On her 32nd birthday, Shakira opened a new $6-Million school in her hometown Barranquilla, which was sponsored by herself and her Pies Descalzos Foundation.^[97]

On December 7, 2009 Shakira was honored as a guest at the University of Oxford to give a speech about her work with children and education. She was chosen by the Oxford Union and joined the ranks of Albert Einstein, several US Presidents, Mother Teresa, and the Dalai Lama XIV, as a chosen speaker. During the speech, Shakira said, "That is how I want the youth of 2060 to see us: That our mission for global peace consisted of sending 30,000 educators to Afghanistan, not 30,000 soldiers. That in 2010, world education became more important than world domination."^[98]

In March 2010, she was awarded a medal by the United Nations' International Labor Organization in recognition of being, as UN Labor Chief Juan Somavia put it, a "true ambassador for children and young people, for quality education and social justice."^[99]

Style

Music and voice

Shakira is known to have adopted many genres, including folk, mainstream pop and rock. In an interview with Rolling Stone she said: "My music, I think, is a fusion of many different elements. And I'm always experimenting. So I try not to limit myself, or put myself in a category, or... be the architect of my own jail".^[100] Her earlier Spanish albums, including Pies Descalzos and ¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones? were a mix of folk music and Latin rock, while her cross-over English album, Laundry Service and her later albums were influenced by pop rock and pop Latino.^[101] Her 2009 album, She Wolf is more like electropop and dance music.^[102]

Influences

Shakira has told many interviewers that she had grown fond to listening to oriental music, which influenced many of her earlier works. For example, Shakira used the Bollywood theme for her performance of "Hips Don't Lie" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City.^[103] It also has influence partly for her Arabic heritage, which was a major inspiration for her breakthrough world hit "Ojos Así".^[104] She told Portuguese TV "Many of my movements belong to Arab culture."^[104] She also cites her parents as major contributors to her musical style.^[104]

In childhood, Shakira preferred rock and roll music, listening heavily to her favorite rock bands like Led Zeppelin,^[105] The Beatles, Nirvana, The Police and U2.^[106] She lists John Lennon as her #1 musical influence. She was also deeply influenced by The Rolling Stones, AC/DC, The Who, The Pretenders, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Cure, Tom Petty, Depeche Mode, The Clash, Ramones, who influenced on her many prominent songs.^[107] In a recent interview to Elenco magazine, she noted that in her opinion the perfect songs are "Imagine" by John Lennon and "No Woman, No Cry" by Bob Marley.^[108]

Shakira made several covers of prominent artists such AC/DC and Aerosmith, using them to sing in her tours, resulting in performances of "Back in Black"^[109] and "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" during her Tour of the Mongoose. She also sang the classic Elvis Presley song "Always On My Mind" at the VH1 Divas Live.^{[citation needed]}

She also has strongly influenced by Andean music and South American folk music, using her native instrumentation for the Latin dance-pop "Whenever, Wherever" and in more serious and mournful "Despedida", marking it the song of my dreams.^[110] Shakira recently performed two songs for two separate Haiti benefit events: "I'll Stand By You", by The Pretenders, and "Solo le Pido a Dios" by Mercedes Sosa.

Dancing

Shakira dancing at Rock in Rio

‎Shakira is well known for her dancing in various music videos and in concert. Her moves are based on the art of Arabic belly dancing, a part of her Lebanese heritage: her father has a Lebanese background but was raised in Colombia. She often performs barefoot. Shakira says she learned this form of dance as a young teen to overcome her shyness. She also mentioned in a MTV interview that she learned how to belly dance by trying to flip a coin with her belly.^[111] The intense training has afforded her a fluidity in her body movement most seen in the videos to her hits "Ojos Así", "La Tortura", "Hips Don't Lie", Whenever, Wherever / Suerte, "Beautiful Liar" and She Wolf / Loba. She has had several belly dance choreographers, including award-winning Bellydance Superstar Boženka.^[112] As the MTV Making the Video for "La Tortura" reveals, she worked with Jamie King on the choreography, but ended up creating most of it herself.

Acting

Shakira appeared in the Colombian telenovela El Oasis in 1995, playing the character of Luisa Maria.^[113] In December 2009, Shakira appeared as herself in the Ugly Betty episode "The Bahamas Triangle".^[114] In 2010, Shakira appeared as herself in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place.^[115]

Records, achievements and trivia

According to BMI, Shakira is the highest-selling Colombian artist of all time, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.^[116] According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, "Hips Don't Lie" was the most-played pop song in a single week in American radio history. It was played 9,637 times in one week.^[117] Shakira became the first artist in the history of the Billboard charts to earn the coveted number one spots on both the Top 40 Mainstream and Latin Chart in the same week doing so with "Hips Don't Lie".^[117]

"La Tortura" broke the record on the Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks chart, appearing at #1 more than any other single (a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks).^[118] According to Yahoo!, "Hips Don't Lie" is the Best-Selling Single of the Last 10 Years, which is apparently the best-selling single since 2000.^[119] According to Forbes Magazine, Shakira was the 4th highest-earning woman in music for 2008 behind Madonna, Barbra Streisand and Celine Dion.^[120] According to Nokia, Shakira has topped up more music downloads in the last year than any other Latino artist. And Her She Wolf totted the Top 10 Latino Downloads.^[121]

Discography

Main article: Shakira discography

Spanish studio albums

Pies Descalzos (1995)
¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones? (1998)
Fijación Oral Vol. 1 (2005)

English studio albums

Oral Fixation Vol. 2 (2005)

Bilingual studio albums

Laundry Service/Servicio De Lavandería (2001)
She Wolf/Loba (2009)
Sale El Sol (2010)

Tours

1996–1997: Tour Pies Descalzos
2000: Tour Anfibio
2002–2003: Tour of the Mongoose/Tour de la Mangosta
2006–2007: Oral Fixation Tour/Tour Fijación Oral
2010–2011: Tour of Earthly Delights/Tour de las Delicias

Awards

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Shakira

Awards
Preceded by Rubén Blades for Tiempo	Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album 2001 for Shakira MTV Unplugged	Succeeded by Freddy Fender for La Música de Baldemar Huerta
Preceded by Ozomatli for Street Signs	Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album 2006 for Fijación Oral Vol. 1	Succeeded by Maná for Amar es Combatir
Preceded by Alejandro Sanz for Tú No Tienes Alma	Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year 2006 for La Tortura	Succeeded by Juan Luis Guerra for La Llave de Mi Corazón
	Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year 2006 for La Tortura
	Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year 2006 for Fijación Oral Vol. 1

Notes

^ Baltin, Steve "Shakira Trots Out 'Mongoose'". Rolling Stone. November 11, 2002. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
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^ See Inogolo: pronunciation of Shakira
^ Diego, Ximena (2001) Shakira. Fireside. pp. 44 and 68
^ "Shakira Portuguese Interview". YouTube. 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwfJhEb05aE. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Shakira's Biography". Shakira.com. 2008-05-14. http://www.shakira.com/biography/. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ ^a ^b Shakira's songs are the heart of her success, BMI.com
^ "Hips Don't Lie". Bestuff. http://bestuff.com/stuff/hips-dont-lie.
^ Diver, Mike (2009-10-19). "Shakira She Wolf Review". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/dq8r. Retrieved 2009-10-25. Shakira and Juanes are the most recognized Colombian artists in the world
^ http://ema.mtv.co.uk/artists/shakira
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^ ^a ^b "Shakira — Shakira Scores Most-Played Record". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/shakira%20scores%20most-played%20record_05_06_2006. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ Up for DiscussionPost Comment. "Shakira Dominates Latin Grammy Nominations". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003157208#/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003157208. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
^ September 3, 2009 1:08 p.m. by Andrew Winistorfer (2009-09-03). "Shakira and Britney Dominate List of the 20 Best-Selling Singles of Last 10 Years". Prefixmag.com. http://www.prefixmag.com/news/shakira-and-britney-dominate-list-of-the-20-best-s/32422/. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ "Madonna tops list of 20 richest women in music industry". News.Xinhuanet.com. 2008-01-31. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/31/content_7529683.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ "Shakira Most Downloaded Latin Artist". Themusicmagazine. 2010-05-03. http://www.themusicmagazine.co.uk/shakira-most-downloaded-latin-artist/comment-page-1#comment-922. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

References

Oral Fixation World Tour 2006 (info) (Spanish)
VH1 Driven: Shakira (article)
VH1 Driven: Shakira (video)

"Video — VH1 - Driven Shakira (11-22-05)". ShakiraMedia.com. http://www.shakiramedia.com/video/detail/765. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

Book: Woman Full Of Grace by Ximena Diego

"Shakira: Woman Full of Grace ~ Ximena Diego ~ eBookMall ~ eBooks". Ebookmall.com. http://www.ebookmall.com/ebooks/shakira-woman-full-of-grace-diego-ebooks.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

Pareles, Jon (Nov. 14, 2005). "Shakira, from lip to hip". New Straits Times, p. L3.
"Shakira pertahan orang Arab". (Nov. 8, 2005). Berita Harian, p. 13.
Frank Cogan's review of Laundry Service for The Village Voice

"New York Music — River Deep, Freckle High — page 1". Villagevoice.com. 2001-12-25. http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0152,kogan,31030,22.html. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

Chart Performance for "Don't Bother" from Billboard Hot 100

"Music Business — Billboard Charts — Album Sales — Concert Tours". Billboard.biz. http://www.billboard.biz/bb/biz/currentcharts/display_single.jsp?chart=THE%20BILLBOARD%20HOT%20100. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

Chart Performance for Oral Fixation 2

"Building Album Sales Chart". HITS Daily Double. http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/salescht.cgi. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

Oral Fixation 2 Sales

"Information Not Found". Billboard.com. http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001656191. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

New York Times Magazine article on Shakira's philanthropic work on education.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shakira

[show] v • d • e Shakira

Studio albums	Pies Descalzos · ¿Dónde Están los Ladrones? · Laundry Service · Fijación Oral Vol. 1 · Oral Fixation Vol. 2 · She Wolf · Sale El Sol

Compilation albums	The Remixes · Colección de Oro · Grandes Éxitos · Oral Fixation Volumes 1&2

Extended plays	Pepsi CD · Love in the Time of Cholera · Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album

Video albums	MTV Unplugged · Live & off the Record · Oral Fixation Tour

Promotional albums	Magia · Peligro

Tours	Tour Pies Descalzos · Tour Anfibio · Tour of the Mongoose · Oral Fixation Tour · Tour of Earthly Delights

Related articles	Discography · Awards and nominations · Pies Descalzos Foundation · Shakira: Live In Abu Dhabi · Shakira: Live at Rock in Rio Lisboa · Shakira: Live at Rock in Rio Madrid · Shakira : Live at Glastonbury · Antonio de la Rúa

[show]

v • d • e

Shakira singles

Pies Descalzos

"¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" · "Estoy Aquí" · "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" · "Un Poco de Amor" · "Antología" · "Se Quiere, Se Mata"

¿Dónde Están Los Ladrones?

"Ciega, Sordomuda" · "Tú" · "Inevitable" · "No Creo" · "Si Te Vas" · "Moscas En La Casa" · "Ojos Así" · "Octavo Día" · "¿Dónde Están los Ladrones?"

Laundry Service

"Whenever, Wherever" / "Suerte" · "Te Dejo Madrid" · "Underneath Your Clothes" · "Objection (Tango)" / "Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango)" · "The One" · "Que Me Quedes Tú"

Fijación Oral Vol. 1

"La Tortura" · "No" · "Día de Enero" · "La Pared" · "Las de la Intuición" / "Pure Intuition"

Oral Fixation Vol. 2

"Don't Bother" · "Hips Don't Lie" / "Será, Será (Las Caderas No Mienten)" · "Illegal"

She Wolf

"She Wolf" / "Loba" · "Did It Again" / "Lo Hecho Está Hecho" · "Give It Up to Me" · "Gypsy" / "Gitana"

As featured artist

"Te Lo Agradezco, Pero No" · "Beautiful Liar" · "Si Tú No Vuelves" · "King and Queen" · "Sing" · "La Maza" · "Somos El Mundo" · "Gracias a la Vida" · "Ay Haiti"

Other songs

Magia	"Magia" · "Lejos De Tu Amor" · "Esta Noche Voy Contigo"

Peligro	"Peligro" · "Brujería" · "Eres" · "Tú Serás la Historia de Mi Vida"

Pepsi	"Ask for More" / "Pide Más"

Love in the Time of Cholera	"Hay Amores" · "Despedida"

Listen Up! FIFA World Cup OST	"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" / "Waka Waka (Esto Es África)"

Persondata
NAME	Shakira
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	شاکیرة; Ripoll, Shakira Isabel Mebarak
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Colombian singer
DATE OF BIRTH	2 February 1977
PLACE OF BIRTH	Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"

Culture of India

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A dancer performing Kathak, one of the eight major Indian classical dances. Originated during 11th century B.C. Vedic age, Kathak is a Hindu mythology storytelling style and encompasses several forms of Hindu mudrās.^[1]

The culture of India has been shaped not only by its long history, unique geography and diverse demography, but also by its ancient heritages, which were formed during the Indus Valley Civilization and evolved further during the Vedic age, rise and decline of Buddhism, the Golden age, invasions from Central Asia, European colonization and the Indian independence movement.

India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture and customs differ from place to place within the country, but nevertheless possess a commonality. The culture of India is an amalgamation of these diverse sub-cultures spread all over the Indian subcontinent and traditions that are several millennia old.^[2]

Regarded by some historians as the "oldest living civilization of Earth", the Indian tradition dates back to 8,000 BC^[3] and has a continuous recorded history for over 2,500 years.^[4] Several elements of India's diverse culture — such as Indian religions, yóga and Indian cuisine — have had a profound impact across the world.

[hide]

[edit] Religions and spirituality

Close-up of a statue depicting Maitreya at the Thikse Monastery in Ladakh, India. Dharmic religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, are indigenous to India.^[5]

Main articles: Religion in India and Indian religions

India is the birth place of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian religions.^[6] Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with around 1.4 billion followers altogether.

India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and definitive role in the life of most of its people.

The religion of 80% of the people is Hinduism. Islam is practiced by around 13% of all Indians.^[7] Sikhism, Jainism and especially Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other people.

[edit] Society

[edit] Overview

According to Eugene M. Makar, traditional Indian culture is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. He also mentions that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in society.^[8] This is reinforced by the fact that many believe gods and spirits have an integral and functional role in determining their life.^[8] Several differences such as religion divide the culture.^[8] However, a far more powerful division is the traditional Hindu bifurcation into non-polluting and polluting occupations.^[8] Strict social taboos have governed these groups for thousands of years.^[8] In recent years, particularly in cities, some of these lines have blurred and sometimes even disappeared.^[8]Important family relations extend as far as gotra, the mainly patrilinear lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth.^[8] In rural areas & sometimes in urban areas as well, it is common that three or four generations of the family live under the same roof.^[8] The patriarch often resolves family issues.^[8]

[edit] Family

Main articles: Hindu joint family, Arranged marriage in India, and Women in India

A bride during a traditional Punjabi Hindu wedding ceremony.

Family plays a significant role in the Indian culture. For generations, India has had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system. It is a system under which extended members of a family - parents, children, the children's spouses and their offspring, etc. - live together. Usually, the eldest male member is the head in the joint Indian family system. He makes all important decisions and rules, and other family members abide by them.

[edit] Marriage

For centuries, arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society. Even today, the vast majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family-members, with the consent of the bride and groom.^[9] Arranged matches are made after taking into account factors such as age, height, personal values and tastes, the backgrounds of their families (wealth, social standing) and their castes and the astrological compatibility of the couples' horoscopes.

In India, the marriage is thought to be for life,^[10] and the divorce rate is extremely low — 1.1% compared with about 50% in the United States.^[11] The arranged marriages generally have a much lower divorce rate. The divorce rates have risen significantly in recent years:

"Opinion is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women."^[12]

[edit] Animals

Cows depicted in the decorated goppuram of the Kapaleeshwarar temple in Chennai.

The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is Jungle which was adopted by the British colonialists to the English language. The word has been also made famous in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.^[13]

In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good fortune and wealth.^[14] For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship.^[15]

[edit] Namaste

Namaste, Namaskar or Namaskara or Namaskaram or Vannakam is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent. Namaskar is considered a slightly more formal version than namaste but both express deep respect. It is commonly used in India and Nepal by Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the Indian subcontinent. In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same hands folded gesture is made usually wordlessly upon departure. Taken literally, it means "I bow to you". The word is derived from Sanskrit (namah): to bow, obeisance, reverential salutation, and respect, and (te): "to you".

[edit] Festivals

Radha and gopikas celebrating Holi, known as the "festival of colors".

Main article: Festivals in India

India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three national holidays in India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of Navratri Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga puja, Holi, Rakshabandhan and Dussehra. Several harvest festivals, such as Sankranthi, Pongal and Onam,"Nuakhai" are also fairly popular.

Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include Diwali, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains, and Buddh Purnima, celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Islamic festivals, such Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Ramadan, are celebrated by Muslims across India. Sikh Festivals , such as Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baiskhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and hindu. Adding colors to the culture of India, the Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh, which is the easternmost state of India.

[edit] Names and language

Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from the Indian epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages.

[edit] Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of India

Chicken tikka, a popular tandoor dish.

The multiple varieties of Indian cuisine are characterized by their sophisticated and subtle use of many spices and herbs. Each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian, many traditional Indian dishes also include chicken, goat, lamb, fish, and other meats.

Food is an important part of Indian culture, playing a role in everyday life as well as in festivals. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the varied demographics of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories — northern, southern, eastern, western and north-eastern.

Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of food preparation, and are used to enhance the flavor of a dish and create unique flavors and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the Persians, Mughals, and European colonists. Though the tandoor originated in Central Asia, Indian tandoori dishes, such as chicken tikka made with Indian ingredients, enjoy widespread popularity.^[16]

Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe.^[17] Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade commodities. The spice trade between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the Age of Discovery.^[18] The popularity of curry, which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the "pan-Asian" dish.^[19]

[edit] Clothing

Indian women wearing sari. Consisting of three parts — a blouse, a petticoat and a long cloth — the sari is worn by women all over India.^[20]

Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced immensely by local culture, geography and climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.

In India, a person's social status is perceived to be symbolized by his or her attire. Indian dress etiquette discourages exposure of skin and wearing transparent or tight clothes.^[21] Most Indian clothes are made from cotton which is ideal for the region's hot weather.^[20] Since India's weather is mostly hot and rainy, majority of Indians wear sandals.^[22]

Worn by women on their forehead, the bindi is considered to be a highly auspicious mark in Hindu religion.^[23] Traditionally, the red bindi (or sindoor) was worn only by the married Hindu women, but now it has become a part of women's fashion. Some Indian traditions consider the bindi to be representative of the third eye.^[24]

India's clothing styles have continuously evolved over the course of the country's history. Ancient Vedic texts mention clothes made from barks and leaves (known as phataka). The 11th century B.C. Rig-veda mentions dyed and embroidered garments (known as paridhan and pesas respectively) and thus highlights the development of sophisticated garment manufacturing techniques during the Vedic age.^[25] In 5th century B.C., Greek historian Herodotus describes the richness of the quality of Indian cotton clothes.^[26] By 2nd century A.D., muslins manufactured in southern India were imported by the Roman Empire and silk cloth was one of the major exports of ancient India along with Indian spices.^[27] Stitched clothing in India was developed before 10th century A.D. and was further popularized in 15th century by Muslim empires in India.^[28] Draped clothing styles remained popular with India's Hindu population while the Muslims increasingly adopted tailored garments.^[29]

During the British Raj, India's large clothing and handicrafts industry was left paralyzed so as to make place for British industrial cloth. Consequently, Indian independence movement leader Mahatma Gandhi successfully advocated for what he termed as khadi clothing — light colored hand-woven clothes — so as to decrease reliance of the Indian people on British industrial goods.^[30] The 1980s was marked by a widespread modification to Indian clothing fashions which was characterized by a large-scale growth of fashion schools in India, increasing involvement of women in the fashion industry and changing Indian attitudes towards multiculturalism. These developments played a pivotal role in the fusion of Indian and Western clothing styles.^[31]

[edit] Languages and literature

[edit] History

Main article: Indian literature

Rabindranath Tagore, a prominent Bengali novelist and poet and Asia's first Nobel laureate.^[32]

With its oldest core dating back to as early as 1500 BCE,^[33] the Rigvedic Sanskrit is one of the oldest attestations of any Indo-Iranian language, and one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family, the family which includes English and most European languages.^[34] Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India. Hindi, India's most spoken language, is a "Sanskritized register" of the Khariboli dialect. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Munda languages and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words).^[35] Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages,^[36] and the literary forms of (Dravidian) Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada.^[35] Part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the Bengali language arose from the eastern Middle Indic languages and its roots are traced to the 5th century BC Ardhamagadhi language.^[37]^[38]

Tamil, one of India's major classical languages, descends from Proto-Dravidian languages which was spoken around the third millennium BC in peninsular India. Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years^[39] and the earliest epigraphic records found date from around the third century BCE.^[40] Another major Dravidian language, Kannada is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium CE, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 9th to 10th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. Pre-old Kannada (or Purava HaleGannada) was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years.^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44] The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain a word in identifiable Kannada.^[45]

According to 2001 India census, Hindi is the most spoken language in India, followed by Bengali, Telugu, Marathi and Tamil.^[46] In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith Award. Seven Jnanpith awards each have been awarded in Kannada, six in Hindi, five in Bengali, four in Malayalam, three each in Marathi, Gujarati, Urdu and Oriya.^[47]

[edit] Poetry

Main article: Indian poetry

Illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra. With more than 74,000 verses, long prose passages, and about 1.8 million words in total, the Mahābhārata is one of the longest epic poems in the world.

India has strong traditions of poetry ever since the ancient Rigveda (ṛgvedá), as well as prose compositions dating back to the Vedic civilization. Poetry is often closely related to musical traditions, and much of poetry can be attributed to religious movements. Writers and philosophers were often also skilled poets.

Throughout India's history, poetry has not only served spirituality and social reform goals, but has also served as a non-violent tool of nationalism and freedom. These traditions can be traced back to influential medieval Indian poets such as Basaveshwara (vachanas) , Kabīra and Purandara Dāsa (padas and devaranamas). Examples of influential poets during the modern era include Rabindranath Tagore, Kuvempu and K. S. Narasimhaswamy.

[edit] Epics

The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have been adopted as the epics of Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books (kāṇḍas) and 500 cantos (sargas),^[48] and tells the story of Rama (an incarnation of the Hindu preserver-god Vishnu), whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. This epic played a pivotal role in establishing the role of dhárma as a principal ideal guiding force for Hindu way of life.^[49] The earliest parts of the Mahabharata text date to 400 BCE^[49] and is estimated to have reached its final form by the early Gupta period (ca. 4th c. CE).^[50] Other regional variations of these, as well as unrelated epics include the Tamil Ramavataram, Kannada Pampa Bharata, Hindi Ramacharitamanasa, and Malayalam Adhyathmaramayanam.

In addition to these two great Indian epics, there are four major epics in the classical Tamil language — Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka-cintamani, and Kundalakesi.

[edit] Performing arts

[edit] Dance

Main article: Indian dance

A kuchipudi performer from Andhra Pradesh.

Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Jharkhand and Orissa, the ghoomar of Rajasthan, the dandiya and garba of Gujarat, the Yakshagana of Karnataka and lavani of Maharashtra and Dekhnni of Goa. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of the state of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.^[51]^[52]

[edit] Drama and theater

Main article: Theatre in India

Indian drama and theater has a long history alongside its music and dance. Kalidasa's plays like Shakuntala and Meghadoota are some of the older plays, following those of Bhasa. One of the oldest surviving theatre traditions of the world is the 2,000 year old Kutiyattam of Kerala. It strictly follows the Natya Shastra.^[53] Nātyāchārya Māni Mādhava Chākyār is credited for reviving the age old drama tradition from extinction. He was known for mastery of Rasa Abhinaya. He started to perform the Kalidasa plays like Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra; Bhasa's Swapnavāsavadatta and Pancharātra; Harsha's Nagananda.^[54]^[55]

[edit] Music

Main article: Music of India

The music of India includes multiple varieties of religious, folk, popular, pop, and classical music. The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda that are still sung in certain Vedic Śrauta sacrifices. India's classical music tradition is heavily influenced by Hindu texts. It includes two distinct styles: Carnatic and Hindustani music.

Panchavadyam temple music in Kerala.

The earliest account of Indian musical hymns is found in the 1000 B.C. Sāmaveda.^[56] It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as Krusht, Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturth, Mandra and Atiswār. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. Both the Hindustani classical music and the Carnatic classical music systems are based on the melodic mode (known as Rāga), sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala. These principles were refined in the nātyaśāstra (200 B.C.) and the dattilam (300 A.D.).^[57]

Purandaradasa is considered the "father of carnatic music" (Karnataka sangeeta pitamaha).^[58]^[59]^[60] He concluded his songs with a salutation to Lord Purandara Vittala and is believed to have composed as many as 475,000 songs in the Kannada language.^[61] However, only about 1000 are known today.^[58]^[62]

Prominent contemporary Indian musical forms include filmi and Indipop. Filmi refers to the wide range of music written and performed for mainstream Indian cinema, primarily Bollywood, and accounts for more than 70 percent of all music sales in the country.^[63] Indipop is one of the most popular contemporary styles of Indian music which is either a fusion of Indian folk, classical or Sufi music with Western musical traditions.^[64]

[edit] Visual arts

Main article: Indian art

[edit] Painting

Main article: Indian painting

The Jataka tales from Ajanta Caves.

The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of pre-historic times, the petroglyphs as found in places like Bhimbetka, some of which go back to the Stone Age. Ancient texts outline theories of darragh and anecdotal accounts suggesting that it was common for households to paint their doorways or indoor rooms where guests resided.

Cave paintings from Ajanta, Bagh, Ellora and Sittanavasal and temple paintings testify to a love of naturalism. Most early and medieval art in India is Hindu, Buddhist or Jain. A freshly made coloured flour design (Rangoli) is still a common sight outside the doorstep of many (mostly South Indian) Indian homes. Raja Ravi Varma is one the classical painters from medieval India.

Madhubani painting, Mysore painting, Rajput painting, Tanjore painting, Mughal painting are some notable Genres of Indian Art; while Nandalal Bose, M. F. Husain, S. H. Raza, Geeta Vadhera, Jamini Roy and B.Venkatappa^[65] are some modern painters. Among the present day artists, Atul Dodiya, Bose Krishnamacnahri, Devajyoti Ray and Shibu Natesan represent a new era of Indian art where global art shows direct amalgamation with Indian classical styles. These recent artists have acquired international recognition. Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, Mysore Palace has on display a few good Indian paintings.

[edit] Sculpture

The 5th century Buddhist vishvakarma cave at Ellora, Maharashtra.

Main article: Sculpture in India

The first sculptures in India date back to the Indus Valley civilization, where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some extremely intricate bronzes as well as temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at Ellora were not constructed by using blocks but carved out of solid rock.

Sculptures produced in the northwest, in stucco, schist, or clay, display a very strong blend of Indian and Classical Hellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman influence. The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved almost simultaneously. During the Gupta period (4th to 6th century) sculpture reached a very high standard in execution and delicacy in modeling. These styles and others elsewhere in India evolved leading to classical Indian art that contributed to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Southeast Central and East Asia.

[edit] Architecture

Main article: Indian architecture

Considered to be an "unrivaled architectural wonder",^[66] the Taj Mahal in Agra is a prime example of Indo-Islamic architecture.

Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Some of its earliest production are found in the Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses. Religion and kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns.

During the period of the Mauryan and Gupta empires and their successors, several Buddhist architectural complexes, such as the caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built. Later on, South India produced several Hindu temples like Chennakesava Temple at Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura, Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur, the Sun Temple, Konark, Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, and the Buddha stupa (Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka kota dibba) at Bhattiprolu. Angkor Wat, Borobudur and other Buddhist and Hindu temples indicate strong Indian influence on South East Asian architecture, as they are built in styles almost identical to traditional Indian religious buildings.

The Umaid Bhawan Palace in Rajasthan, one of the largest private residences in the world.^[67]

The traditional system of Vaastu Shastra serves as India's version of Feng Shui, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which system is older, but they contain certain similarities. Feng Shui is more commonly used throughout the world. Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonize the flow of energy, (also called life-force or Prana in Sanskrit and Chi/Ki in Chinese/Japanese), through the house, it differs in the details, such as the exact directions in which various objects, rooms, materials, etc. are to be placed.

With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion. Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era, and are often used as the stereotypical symbols of India. The colonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of Indo-Saracenic style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic. The Victoria Memorial or the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus are notable examples.

Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or stupa, temple spire or sikhara, temple tower or pagoda and temple gate or torana, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in East Asia and South East Asia. The central spire is also sometimes called a vimanam. The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its intricacy and majesty.

Contemporary Indian architecture is more cosmopolitan. Cities are extremely compact and densely populated. Mumbai's Nariman Point is famous for its Art Deco buildings. Recent creations such as the Lotus Temple, and the various modern urban developments of India like Chandigarh, are notable.

[edit] Sports and martial arts

Main article: Sports in India

The annual snake boat race is performed during Onam Celebrations on the Pamba River at Aranmula near Pathanamthitta.

India's official national sport is field hockey and the Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is by far the most popular sport; the India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition, BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition.

Chess is commonly believed to have originated in northwestern India during the Gupta empire,^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71] where its early form in the 6th century was known as chaturanga. Other games which originated in India and continue to remain popular in wide parts of northern India include kabaddi, gilli-danda, and kho kho. Traditional southern Indian games include snake boat race and kuttiyum kolum.

[edit] Indian martial arts

Main article: Indian martial arts

Kalarippayattu, one of the oldest and most prominent forms of Indian martial arts.

One of the best known forms of ancient Indian martial arts is the Kalarippayattu from Kerala. This ancient fighting style originated in southern India in 12th century B.C. and is regarded as one of the oldest surviving martial arts.^[72] In this form martial arts, various stages of physical training include ayurvedic massage with sesame oil so as to impart suppleness to the body (uzichil), a series of sharp body movements so as to gain control over various parts of the body (miapayattu) and complex sword fighting techniques (paliyankam).^[73] Silambam, which was developed around 200 A.D., traces its roots to the Sangam period in southern India.^[74] Silambam is unique among Indian martial arts because it uses complex footwork techniques (kaaladi) including a variety of spinning styles and a bamboo staff is used as the main weapon.^[74] The ancient Tamil Sangam literature mentions that between 400 B.C. and 600 A.D., soldiers from southern India received special martial arts training which revolved primarily around the use of spear (val), sword (vel) and shield (kedaham).^[75]

In northern India, the musti yuddha evolved in 1100 A.D. and focussed on mental, physical and even spiritual training.^[76] In addition, the Dhanur Veda tradition was an influential fighting arts style which considered the bow and the arrow to be the supreme weapons. The Dhanur Veda was first described in the 5th century B.C. Viṣṇu Purāṇa^[72] and is also mentioned in both of the major ancient Indian epics, Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. A distinctive factor of Indian martial arts is the heavy emphasis laid on meditation (dhyāna) as a tool to remove fear, doubt and anxiety.^[77]

Indian martial arts techniques have had a profound impact on other martial arts styles across Asia. The 3rd century B.C. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in martial arts, while various mudra finger movements were taught in Yogacara Buddhism. These elements of yoga, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts.^[78] According to some historical accounts, Indian Buddhist monk Bodhidharma was one of the main founders of the Shaolin Kungfu.^[79]

[edit] Popular media

[edit] Television

Main article: Television in India

Indian television started off in 1959 in New Delhi with tests for educational telecasts.^[80] Indian small screen programming started off in the mid 1970s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned. 1982 saw revolution in TV programming in India, with the New Delhi Asian games, India saw the colour version of TV, that year. The Ramayana and Mahabharat were some among the popular television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcasted terrestrially.

In 1991, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to cable television. Since then, there has been a spurt in the number of channels available. Today, Indian silver screen is a huge industry by itself, and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own kind some even attaining national fame for themselves. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women, and even men of all kinds. Some lesser known actors have found success in Bollywood. Indian TV now has many of the same channels as Western TV, including stations such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, and MTV India.

[edit] Cinema

Main article: Cinema of India

Shooting of a Bollywood dance number.

Bollywood is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based film industry in India. Bollywood and the other major cinematic hubs (in Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi and Telugu) constitute the broader Indian film industry, whose output is considered to be the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and number of tickets sold.

India has produced many critically acclaimed cinema-makers like K.Vishwanath, Bapu ,Jagdaman Grewal, Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Guru Dutt, K. Vishwanath, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Girish Kasaravalli, Shekhar Kapoor, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Shankar Nag, Girish Karnad, G. V. Iyer,etc. (See Indian film directors). With the opening up of the economy in the recent years and consequent exposure to world cinema, audience tastes have been changing. In addition, multiplexes have mushroomed in most cities, changing the revenue patterns.

[edit] See also

India portal

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^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 12: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"
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[edit] Further reading

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 809-5179. OCLC 7796041.
Varma, Pavan K. Being Indian: Inside the Real India. (ISBN 0-434-01391-9)
Tully, Mark. No Full Stops in India. (ISBN 0-14-010480-1)
Naipaul, V.S. India: A Million Mutinies Now. (ISBN 0-7493-9920-1)
Grihault, Nicki. India - Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette. (ISBN 1-85733-305-5)
Manjari Uil, Foreign Influence on Indian Culture (c.600 BC to AD 320), (ISBN 81-88629-60-X)
Basham A.L.(1954), The Wonder that was India, Sidgwick and Jackson, London

[edit] External links

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